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Suffixes in Senthra
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Every suffix in Senthra
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 17 Jul 2016, 11:51.

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NOUN SUFFIXES
Basic Declension
Number ->
Case v
SINGULARPLURAL
NOMINATIVE (the house is big)rekhrekh'ryr
ACCUSATIVE-PERTINGENT (i like the house/i'm near the house, touching it)rekh'yerekh'ryr'ye
GENITIVE-PARTITIVE (the house's roof/some of the houses were demolished)rekh'neyrekh'ryr'ney
DATIVE-ALLATIVE (i give this to the house/i go to the house)thrio'rekhthrio'rekh'ryr
INSTRUMENTAL (i'm drilling using the house)rekh'rokhrekh'ryr'rokh
COMITATIVE-APUDESSIVE-ADESSIVE (i'm coming to you, along with the house/i'm next to or near the house)rekh'yynrekh'ryr'yyn
CAUSAL-FINAL (i'm sad because of/for the sake of the house)rekh'yrrekh'ryr'yr


Locations and Directions
Number ->
Case v
SINGULARPLURAL
ELATIVE-ABLATIVE-INITIATIVE (i come out of the house / i come [beginning] from the house)the'rekh'arthe'rekh'ryr'ar
DELATIVE (i come off of the house)the'rekh'oththe'rekh'ryr'oth
INESSIVE-TEMPORAL (i am in the house/it happens at 9 PM)u'rekh'aru'rekh'ryr'ar
SUPERESSIVE-PERLATIVE (i am on the house/i go through the house)u'rekh'othu'rekh'ryr'oth
ILLATIVE-ESSIVE (i go into the house/as a house, i am content)tho'rekh'artho'rekh'ryr'ar
SUBLATIVE-TRANSLATIVE (i go onto the house/i turned into a house)tho'rekh'oththo'rekh'ryr'oth
ALLATIVE-TERMINATIVE (i go to the house/as far as the house)thrio'rekhthrio'rekh'ryr
APUDESSIVE-ADESSIVE (i'm next to or near the house)rekh'yynrekh'ryr'yyn

Notes
  • The accusative-pertingent case only takes on its meaning as a pertingent case when there is no verb:

    then rekh'ye nyy.
    the house-ACC.PERT I
    "I'm at the house, touching it./I'm in the direct proximity of the house."

    As seen above, the pertingent case is used when the speaker is very close to the object, while the adessive-apudessive case is used when the speaker is a bit further.

  • To clarify which meaning of the elative-ablative-initiative case is meant, the following patterns are used:

    then the'rekh'ar nu-theth'nyy
    the house-ELA.ABL.INIT come.1S
    "I'm coming from the house (either out of it, from its proximity or directly from the outside of it)."

    then rekh'ney the'thyor'ar nu-theth'nyy
    the house-GEN inside-ELA.ABL.INIT come.1S
    "I'm coming out of the house."

    then rekh'ney the'man-nuth'ar nu-theth'nyy
    the house-GEN outside-ELA.ABL.INIT come.1S
    "I'm coming [directly] from the house."

    then rekh'ney the'nath'ar nu-theth'nyy
    the house-GEN area-ELA.ABL.INIT come.1S
    "I'm coming from [the proximity of] the house."

    Similarly, you can use "rekh'ney thrio'man-nuth" (to the outside of the house) to distinguish between the allative and terminative cases.

  • To clarify which meaning of the comitative-apudessive-adessive meaning is meant, the following pattern is used:

    then rekh'yyn nyy
    the house-COM.APUD.ADE I
    "I'm near the house."

    [then] Sedorykh'yyn nyy
    the Sedorykh-COM.APUD.ADE I
    "I'm near Sedorykh / I'm with Sedorykh."

    [then] Sedorykh'ney nath'yyn nyy
    the Sedorykh.GEN area-COM.APUD.ADE I
    "I'm near Sedorykh."

    [then] Sedorykh'yyn ryn nyy
    the Sedorykh-COM.APUD.ADE together I
    "I'm with Sedorykh." (not necessarily romantically)

  • To distinguish between causal and final, sometimes a non-standard separate causal case is formed from the elative and delative case's prefix, as such:

    then rekh'yr xikh'nyy yil
    the house-CAU.FIN do-1S earlier
    "I did it for/because of the house." (Either I wanted to get the house or the house forced me to do it.)

    then the'rekh'yr xikh'nyy yil
    the (~EL.DEL)-house-CAU.FIN do-1S earlier
    "I did it because of the house." (The house forced me to do it.)

  • As the inessive case is also the temporal one, it might be logical to assume that "u'thre-thrin'ar [hours]" would both mean "at 3 o'clock" and "within 3 hours". However, the dative-allative-terminative case is used for the latter: "thrio'thre-thrin [hours]" As such, it coincides with "until 3 o'clock", therefore many speakers distinguish "within 3 hours" by saying "thre-thrin'ney thrio'thyor" (three-GEN DAT.ALL.TERM-inside)

  • Please note that these clarifications are, while widespread, especially in informal registers, entirely optional. Because of this, "thrio'thyor" (DAT.ALL.TERM-inside) isn't usually regarded as a postposition meaning "within", neither are other "clarifying postpositions".


Other suffixes
Abessive case: -lokh (without)
Agent noun suffix: -khen ("lakh" = kill, "lakh-khen" = killer)

VERB SUFFIXES
Indicative Conjugation
Number ->
Case v
SINGULARPLURAL
1ST PERSON (I / we)theth'nyy [nyy]theth'yyn [xynryr] (inclusive) /theth'yan [xan] (exclusive)
2ND PERSON (you / you all)theth'yel [xel]theth'sel [xelryr]
3RD PERSON (he-she-it / they)theth [sior/sykh/yon]theth'mal [malryr]


Subjunctive-Imperative Conjugation
Number ->
Case v
SINGULARPLURAL
1ST PERSON (I / we)theth'um'nyy [nyy]theth'um'yyn [xynryr] (inclusive) /theth'yan [xan] (exclusive)
2ND PERSON (you / you all)theth'um'yel [xel]theth'um'sel [xelryr]
3RD PERSON (he-she-it / they)theth'um [sior/sykh/yon]theth'um'mal [malryr]


Past tense is formed by inserting "yil" (lit. earlier) after the verb.
Future tense is formed by inserting "liy" (lit. later) after the verb.
Conditional tense is formed in the following way:

thriy're-nu nyy mes nu-theth'yel're-nu liy.
happy-NEGTRU I because come-2SG-NEGTRU later
"I would be happy if you came." [lit. ~It's not true that I'm happy because it's not true that you will come.]

thriy're-nu nyy yil mes nu'theth'yel're-nu yil.
happy-NEGTRU I earlier because come-2SG-NEGTRU earlier
"I would have been happy if you had come." [lit. ~It's not true that I was happy because it's not true that you came.]

When the clause is likely to be true, the negated truth particle can be dropped. Cf:

nyy'ye thryoy-khray'nyy yon khas, khas khas-khas lor're-nu nyy.
1S-ACC feel-1S like that, like very small-NEGTRU 1S
"I felt as if I was very small." [But I'm not actually small.]

nyy'ye thryoy-khray'nyy yon khas, khas khas-khas lor nyy.
1S-ACC feel-1S like that, like very small 1S
"I felt very small." [Because I may actually be small.]

Other suffixes
Infinitive suffix: -yioy ("mikhyioy" = to write; the action of writing)
Habituative suffix: -yuy ("mikh" = write (once), "mikhyuy" = write (from time to time, as a hobby))
Past participle [PSPART]: -yioy'yil ("mikh'yioy'yil" = having written, after writing)
Present participle [PRSPART]: -yioy ("mikh'yioy" = in the process of writing, while writing)
Future participle [FPART]: -yioy'liy ("mikh'yioy'liy" = before writing)

The last three are used as relative clauses, as such:

mekh'ye mikh'yioy'yil then syr'ye lakh'nyy yil
book-ACC writing-PSPART the man-ACC kill-1S earlier
"I killed the man that had written [a/the] book."

mekh'ye mikh'yioy then syr'ye lakh'nyy yil
book-ACC writing-PRSPART the man-ACC kill-1S earlier
"I killed the man writing [a/the] book."

mekh'ye mikh'yioy'liy then syr'ye lakh'nyy yil
book-ACC writing-FPART the man-ACC kill-1S earlier
"I killed the man that was about to write [a/the] book."

MISCELLANEOUS
Truth suffix [TRU]: 'rem (now obsolete, only used in oaths)
Negation suffix [NEG]: 'lu
Negated truth suffix [NEGTRU]: 're-nu (often used in conditional sentences)
Causative suffix [CAUS]: 'siokh (make someone do something)


NOTES
Hyphens are used to hyphenate compound words while apostrophes are used to mark grammatical morphemes. Both of these show up exclusively in transcription and they may be omitted altogether - they aren't used in Senthra's orthography as the building blocks clearly separate the words and speakers of Senthra are used to reading long words at a glance. This means of transcription is only used for ease of reading for English-speakers.

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