Oraslin Antasitiíl Taaevodiíl
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Edievian Relative Clauses
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 25 Apr 2023, 13:18.
[comments] edvrelative clauses
9. Dil Taaevodiíl
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10. Dodaes Tagmesciél
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12. Duréis iae Oráis Duril
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15. Galaegréis u Todabéig
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18. Ofaes óis Beldconaegfa
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20. Olerdelt Conegiél
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23. Raeul óis Nasedmunfa
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24. Scevaes Taaevodiél
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25. Siáe Baorecos u Conéig
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27. Siáen Alfotet Taaevaes
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30. Todabéig Taaevodiíl
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32. „Iae“ iaö „Iaö“
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
The relative pronouns can be broken two groups: pronominal relative pronouns, which correlative to nouns and pronouns in the main clause, and adverbial relative pronouns, which correlate to verbs in the main clause.
Like the third person pronouns, the pronominal relative pronouns agree in number and animacy (and case, in terms of prepositions) with their antecedents. All the relative pronouns are derived from the original, non-relative pronoun plus sae, the original relative pronoun. Contemporary Edievian considers sae-usage uneducated and uncultured, to the point of it being ridiculed (some dialects maintain sae; these dialects are not held in high regard). Sae does survive as a fossilized s in the word neva's, "it is necessary that". See below for each set of relative pronouns along with examples.
Nominative & Accusative* | ||
ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving | INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile | |
---|---|---|
SGSingular (number) one countable entity |
les | nes |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
lis | nis |
*Relative clauses in Edievian cannot have antecedents that are semantically accusative, this will be explained later in this article. |
- He is the man that is eating.
Ab le siáe cam les siáomaéis.
ab
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate le
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity cam
man les
RELRelative.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving siáom-aéis
eat-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
Cam is a singular animate noun, hence the use of le as the subject and les as the relative pronoun.
- The planes that were flying landed.
Anetagadáind sié smalúit nis ruandiás.
anetagad-áind
land-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed sié
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few smalúit
airplane.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few nis
RELRelative.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile ru-andiás
fly-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
Smalúit is a plural inanimate noun, so nis is used as the relative pronoun.
Genitive (Inalienable) | ||
ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving | INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile | |
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SGSingular (number) one countable entity |
ols | ons |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
uis | uins |
- She is the woman whose daughter arrived.
Ab le siáe baen ols ravastaen siáe lab.
ab
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate le
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity baen
woman ols
RELRelative.GENGenitive (case)
possessive.INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving ravast-aen
arrive-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity lab
daughter
Ols refers back to the relationship between baen, a singular animate noun, and lab, which must be possessed inalienably due to the familial relationship, siáe lab óis baen.
- There're the dogs whose paws are bloodied!
Iabans sié méic uis bans sié péit varusiúl!
iab-ans
be_there-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sié
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few méic
dog.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few uis
RELRelative.GENGenitive (case)
possessive.INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving bans
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sié
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few péit
paw.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few varusiúl
bloodied.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
Uis refers to the relationship between méic, a plural animate noun, and péit, a plural inanimate noun. The paws are owned inalienably by the dogs, sié péit úis méic.
Genitive (Alienable) | ||
ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving | INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile | |
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SGSingular (number) one countable entity |
als | ans |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
ais | ains |
- The car with the flat tire left.1 2
Hentaraen siáen afto ans baéis siáe pano merob.
hentar-aen
leave-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed siáen
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity afto
car ans
RELRelative.GENGenitive (case)
possessive.ALAlienable (possession)
thing that can be gained or lost.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile baéis
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity pano
tire merob
flat
Ans is used because afto, car, is a singular inanimate noun, and it inalienably possesses pano, tire: siáe pano áis afto.
1 This could be formatted as 'the car whose tire is flat left', but English frowns upon 'whose' with an inanimate antecedent.
2 Tires are considered interchangeable and therefore not under the 'parts of a whole' rule for alienable vs. inalienable possession distinction.
Dative | ||
ANAnimate (gender/class) alive, moving | INANInanimate (gender/class) inanimate, sessile | |
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SGSingular (number) one countable entity |
aels | aens |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
is | ins |
- These are the men that I gave the money to.
Iaban sié cam is tiágan siáen aomal.
iab-an
be.there-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths sié
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few cam
man.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few is
RELRelative.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving tiág-an
give-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed siáen
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity aomal
money
Is is used because it refers to cam, a plural animate noun. This sentence could be more literally translated as "Here are the men to whom I gave the money."
Relative clauses with pronominal antecedents that would take any other preposition disregard Edievian's usual rule of prepositions: they do not inflect for person or number. Instead, the preposition is placed before the corresponding nominative relative pronoun.
As briefly noted above, relative pronouns cannot refer to an antecedent that is accusative. If the antecedent is accusative, the verb is instead put in the passive, and the relative clause's accusative object becomes the new 'nominative' subject. Let's look at some English sentences before examining Edievian ones:
- Here is the man that I met.
"That I met" refers to the man: this one sentence could be rephrased as "Here is the man. I met the man." The relative clause is taking the place of an accusative noun, so conceivably it could be said:
- *Iabaéis siáe cam les aontofan.
iab-aéis
be.there-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity cam
man les
RELRelative.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving aontof-an
meet-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed
This sentence, however, is not grammatical. Instead, the verb must be put in the passive, and the original subject ("I") put with the preposition si:
- Iabaéis siáe cam les baonaontofaen sig.
iab-aéis
be.there-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity cam
man lnes
RELRelative.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving baon-aontof-aen
PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-meet-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed sig
by.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Literally, "There is the man who was met by me."
Further examples:
- Where is the cookie she ate?
Do vames baéis siáe bescot nes baosiáomaen sil?
do vames
where.QInterrogative
question baéis
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing siáe
DEFDefinite
"the".SGSingular (number)
one countable entity bescot
cookie nes
RELRelative.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile bao-siáom-aen
PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-eat-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed sil
by.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving
Literally, "Where is the cookie that was eaten by her?"
The English relativizers 'who' and 'what' have equivalents in duplicated pronoun + relative pronoun structures (nenes, ninis, leles, lilis), with the animate and inanimate pronouns, respectively. As described above, these cannot have accusative antecedents and therefore will passivize in such cases.
- I know what you ate for breakfast.
Aontas nenes siáomen fael naóisclo.
aontas
know-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing nenes
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile.RELRelative.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile siáom-en
eat-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed fael
like naóisclo
breakfast
Literally: I know it-that you ate as breakfast.
- Are they who you described?
Mes ban lilis baodedodáind sid?
mes
QInterrogative
question ban
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths lilis
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.RELRelative.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving bao-dedod-aen
PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-describe-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed sid
by.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Literally: Are they they-that were described by you?
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