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This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 13 Dec 2016, 01:09.
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1. another phonology
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2. descendant 1
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3. proto-lang?
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Phonemic inventoryConsonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatalised
alveolar
lateral Palatalised
alveopal.
sibilant Retroflex Palatal Vel. /
uvul. Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ
Stop p b t d t͡ɬʲ d͡ɮʲ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ ɖ ɟ k g
Fricative s z ɬʲ ɮʲ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ χ ʁ h
Approximant l ɭ j
Vowels
Front Central Back
Mid-low ɛ ɔ
Low a
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)(C3)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: one of /m n ɳ ɟ g h l ɭ j/
C3: one of /m n p t k g s χ h l j/
Allophony
[ɛ] persistently become [ɜ] before a retroflex consonant.
Dorsal obstruents [ɟ k χ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal consonant other than [j]. Before an uvular fricative, [ɟ g] become [ʝ ʁ].
Coronal consonants [n t͡ɬʲ z ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent other than non-affricate stop or nasal. Before a postalveolar obstruent sibilant, obstruent laterals become non-front and assimilate in retroflexion. Before a laminal obstruent, [n t d ʈ ɖ t͡ɬʲ d͡ɮʲ ɬʲ ɮʲ s z] become [ɳ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ʈ͡ɬ ɖ͡ɮ ɬ̢ ɮ̢ ʂ ʐ]; [l ɭ] are deleted. Before one of [ʂ ʐ], laminal obstruents become non-front.
[ɔ] become [ɞ] before a palatal semivowel.
[j] become [e̯] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except for a vowel or semivowel.
Obstruents [p d͡ɮʲ z ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than approximant. Before a voiced obstruent, [q] become [ʁ].
Nasals [m n ɳ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal and become no phones word-finally.
Coronal consonants other than [ɳ ʈ͡ɬ ɖ͡ɮ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɬ̢ ɮ̢ ʂ ʐ], i.e. [nʲ̻ t͡sʲ̻ ɬʲ ...], become postalveolar and assimilate in retroflexion to a preceding postalveolar consonant. After a postalveolar consonant, non-sibilant coronal palatalised apical obstruents or nasals become non-front and assimilate in retroflexion. After an alveopalatal laminal obstruent or nasal, apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex; non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants; [l ɭ] are deleted. After a retroflex consonant, non-retroflex laminal obstruents or nasals become non-front.
Palatal obstruents or nasals [ʝ ç c ...] persistently become alveopalatal [ʑ ɕ t͡ɕ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
Obstruents or nasals other than [ɲ ŋ ɴ c ɟ k g q ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ], i.e. [m t͡sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ...], assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-dorsal word-finally. Before a palatal consonant other than [j], [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ̻ ʂ] become [h h h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]; [ɬʲ ɬ̢] become [hʲ h]. Before a velar obstruent or nasal, [ɬʲ ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ] become [h h h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]; [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ] become [h h]. Before a front obstruent or nasal, . Before an uvular consonant other than [e̯], [ɬʲ ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ] become [h h h h]; [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ] become [h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]; [b d] become [ʁ ʁ]. Before a dorsal obstruent or nasal, [nʲ̻ n nʲ ɳ̻ ɳ ṉ ṉʲ t d t͡sʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ɬʲ s z ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ] become non-coronal and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation; [ʈ ɖ t͡ɬʲ d͡ɮʲ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ʈ͡ɬ ɖ͡ɮ ɖ͡ʐ ɮʲ ʐ̻ ɮ̢ ʐ] are deleted; non-retroflex laminal affricates become fricatives and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation; bilabial stops or nasals become non-bilabial and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation.
Obstruents or nasals other than [ɲ ŋ̟ ŋ ɴ c ɟ k g q ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ], i.e. [m t͡s̻ sʲ̻ ...], assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-dorsal word-finally. Before a velar obstruent or nasal, [ɬ ɬʲ ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ] become [h h h h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]; [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ] become [h h]. Before a palatal consonant other than [j], [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ̻ ʂ] become [h h h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]. Before a front obstruent or nasal, . Before [ŋ̟], [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]; [ʂ̻ ʂ] become [h h]; [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ] become [h h]. Before an uvular consonant other than [e̯], [ɬ ɬʲ ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ] become [h h h h h]; [b bʲ d dʲ] become [ʁ ʁ ʁ ʁ]; [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ] become [h h]; [ɳ̻ ɳ] become [ŋ̟ ŋ̟]. Before a non-back palatal or velar consonant other than [j], [ɬ ɬʲ ɬ̢] become glottal fricatives and assimilate in palatalisation. Before a dorsal obstruent or nasal, [n̻ nʲ̻ n nʲ ɳ̻ ɳ ṉ ṉʲ t d tʲ dʲ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡sʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ s̻ z̻ sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ɬ ɬʲ s z sʲ zʲ ʂ̻ ɬ̢ ʂ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ] become non-coronal and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation; [ʈ ɖ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ t͡ɬʲ d͡ɮʲ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ʈ͡ɬ ɖ͡ɮ ɖ͡ʐ ɮ ɮʲ ʐ̻ ɮ̢ ʐ] are deleted; non-retroflex laminal affricates become fricatives and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation; bilabial stops or nasals become non-bilabial and assimilate in uvularity and palatalisation.
[mʲ nʲ̻ nʲ ṉʲ ɲ ŋ̟ pʲ bʲ tʲ dʲ c ɟ k̟ g̟ t͡sʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ t͡ɬʲ d͡ɮʲ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ɬʲ ɮʲ sʲ zʲ ɕ ʑ ç ʝ x̟ ɣ̟ hʲ] become back before a back mid-low vowel. Palatalised consonants become non-back.
Non-retroflex coronal consonants [n̻ d͡zʲ̻ ɬ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ɬ̢ ...] after a retroflex consonant. Palatalised obstruents or nasals become non-front.
[ɜ ɞ a] become retroflex before a retroflex consonant.
Vowels other than [ɛ], i.e. [ɜ ɞ ɔ ...], become front [ɛ œ œ ...] before a front consonant. Retroflex vowels become non-retroflex.
Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡ɬ ɮ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar laminal obstruents or nasals become retroflex; alveopalatal obstruents or nasals become non-front.
[ɔ] become [ɞ] before a semivowel.
Dorsal consonants [ɲ g̟ ɣ̟ ...] become rounded [ŋʷ gʷ ɣʷ ...] after a mid-low rounded vowel. Non-back consonants become back; front consonants become velar or uvular.
Non-retroflex coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ ɮʲ̻ ...] become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɮ̢̻ ...] before a retroflex vowel or a retroflexed consonant. Palatalised obstruents or nasals become non-front.
Non-pharyngeal unrounded uvular obstruents or nasals [ɴ q χ ʁ] become velar fronted [ŋ̟ k̟ x̟ ɣ̟] before a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel.
Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ̟ g̟ x̟ ...] become front [ɲ ɟ ç ...] after a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel.
Non-pharyngeal unrounded uvular obstruents or nasals [ɴ q χ ʁ] become velar fronted [ŋ̟ k̟ x̟ ɣ̟] after a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel.
Non-pharyngeal unrounded uvular obstruents or nasals [ɴ q χ ʁ] become velar fronted [ŋ̟ k̟ x̟ ɣ̟] after a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel.
Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants other than retroflexed consonants or uvular consonants [m k s̻ ...] persistently become front [mʲ c sʲ̻ ...] after a front consonant except for a semivowel.
Before a consonant lateral other than a stop, obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal coronal; non-sibilant coronal non-affricate stops become coronal affricates. Before an obstruent sibilant other than a stop, fricative laterals become coronal taps; affricate laterals become coronal sibilants; [ɬʲ̻ ɮʲ̻] become [ɾ̻̥ ɾ̻].
Coronal consonants [n̻ d͡z sʲ ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals become retroflex; alveopalatal obstruents or nasals become non-front. Before a laminal consonant, [ɾʲ̥ ɾʲ] become [ɾ̻̥ ɾ̻].
Semivowels [j w e̯ o̯] become lax [ɪ̯ ʊ̯ ɛ̯ ɔ̯] after a lax vowel.
Some words
/ɭɔɔ/ [ɭɔɔ]
/ɔkɔ/ [ɔkʷɔ]
/nɛɔ/ [nɛɔ]
/ʁɔɛg/ [ʁɔɛɟ]
/nɔbɔ/ [nɔbɔ]
/aɖɛ/ [a˞ɖɛ]
/ʈɔɳgɛ/ [ʈɔŋgɛ]
/ɛɔ/ [ɛɔ]
/ɔja/ [œʊ̯a]
/χɛɔ/ [x̟ɛɔ]
/bɛpɔ/ [bɛpɔ]
/ɕahɳɔχ/ [ɕahɳɔχʷ]
/dɔjhɛ/ [dœʊ̯hɛ]
/gɛbɔɭ/ [gɛbɔɭ]
/χɔɔ/ [χɔɔ]
/ɖɛʂɛj/ [ɖɜ˞ʂɛɪ̯]
/aɭɔj/ [a˞ɭœʊ̯]
/ʈɔgɔ/ [ʈɔgʷɔ]
/ɛga/ [ɛɟa]
/nɔngah/ [nɔŋgah]
/tɔmɛʈɛ/ [tɔmɜ˞ʈɛ]
/ɖaaj/ [ɖaæɪ̯]
/ɔjɛ/ [œʊ̯ɛ]
/kaʈɛ/ [ka˞ʈɛ]
/bɛɟa/ [bɛɟa]
/ʁɔnɛ/ [ʁɔnɛ]
/aχɔ/ [aχɔ]
/ɖamkgɛ/ [ɖaŋggɛ]
/pahɔ/ [pahɔ]
/gɛa/ [gɛa]
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