Gutiskar Verbs
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Formation and conjugation of Gutiskar verbs
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 29 Apr 2016, 20:57.
[comments] gskverbsmorphology
1. Derivation
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3. Gutiskar Adverbs
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5. Gutiskar Numerals
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6. Gutiskar Pronouns
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7. Gutiskar Tenses
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8. Gutiskar Verbs
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10. Table test
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Verbs in Gutiskar are, compared to other modern Germanic languages, very conservative (apart from Gothic). They retain full conjugations and even the dual number. The Proto-Germanic passive forms have, however, been lost. And as with all the other Germanic languages, there are two main groups of verbs: strong and weak verbs, each with several subtypes. The common infinitival ending is -an, with variants in -ón and -án.
The verbs are inflected for three numbers, singular, dual, and plural; as well as for three persons, first, second, and third. There are three moods, indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. Apart from the latter, the other two moods have two tenses each, present and preterite or past.
Weak verbs, also often referred to as the "regular" verbs, belong to one of the four subclasses.
The indicative mood:
| PRESENT | Weak 1 | Weak 3 | Weak 2 | Weak 4 | PRETERITE | Weak 1 | Weak 3 | Weak 2 | Weak 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SG | -jó | -ó | 1 SG | -iðó | -dó | -oðó | |||
| 2 SG | -ir | -ær | -or | 2 SG | -iðer | -der | -oðer | ||
| 3 SG | -i | -æ | -o | 3 SG | -iðé | -dé | -oðé | ||
| 1 DU | -ǿs | -os | 1 DU | -iðú | -dú | -oðú | |||
| 2/3 DU | -ǽr | -ór | -ær | 2/3 DU | -iður | -dur | -oður | ||
| 1 PL | -jam | -óm | -am | 1 PL | -iðum | -dum | -oðum | ||
| 2 PL | -iþ | -æþ | -oþ | -aþ | 2 PL | -iðuð | -duð | -oðuð | |
| 3 PL | -jans | -ons | -ans | 3 PL | -iðun | -dun | -oðun | ||
The subjunctive mood:
| PRESENT | Weak 1 | Weak 3 | Weak 2 | Weak 4 | PRETERITE | Weak 1 | Weak 3 | Weak 2 | Weak 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SG | -já | -ó | -á | 1 SG | -iðí | -dí | -oðí | ||
| 2 SG | -ǽs | -os | -æs | 2 SG | -iðir | -dir | -oðir | ||
| 3 SG | -jæ | -ó | -æ | 3 SG | -iðí | -dí | -oðí | ||
| 1 DU | -jǽ | -á | -ǽ | 1 DU | -iðý | -dý | -oðý | ||
| 2/3 DU | -ǽr | -ør | -ǽr | 2/3 DU | -iðér | -dér | -oðér | ||
| 1 PL | -ǽm | -om | -æm | 1 PL | -iðim | -dim | -oðim | ||
| 2 PL | -ǽþ | -oþ | -æþ | 2 PL | -iðið | -dið | -oðið | ||
| 3 PL | -ǽn | -on | -æn | 3 PL | -iðin | -din | -oðin | ||
The imperative mood:
| Weak 1 | Weak 2 | Weak 3 | Weak 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SG | - | |||
| 2 SG | -Ø | |||
| 3 SG | -á | -a | ||
| 1 DU | -æð | -að | ||
| 2/3 DU | -að | -oð | ||
| 1 PL | -æm | -am | -om | |
| 2 PL | -í | |||
| 3 PL | -áð | -óð | ||
Gutiskar preserved the Proto-Germanic system of strong verbs, all seven classes, with minor changes to the 7th reduplication class. All strong verbs are characterised by the ablaut of the root vowel. The first five classes also have two variants of the root vowel. The sixth class has just one, and the 7th class has several, along with an elaborate system of reduplication.
Unlike the weak verbs, all strong verbs share the same inflectional suffixes since the class is indicated by the ablaut pattern.
The inflectional suffixes:
| IND. present | IND. preterite | SUBJ. present | SUBJ. preterite | IMPERATIVE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 SG | -ó | -Ø | -á | -í | - |
| 2 SG | -ir | -t | -ær | -ír | -Ø |
| 3 SG | -ði | -Ø | -ðæ | -í | -ðá |
| 1 DU | -or | -ú | -ǽ | -ý | -ǽð |
| 2/3 DU | -ðir | -ður | -ðær | -ðír | -að |
| 1 PL | -mar | -um | -æm | -im | -ǽm |
| 2 PL | -ið | -uð | -æð | -íð | -í |
| 3 PL | -and | -un | -æn | -in | -áð |
The ablaut patterns are divided into several positional variations, depending on where they may occur:
- Variant 1: indicative present 1 sg, 2 and 3 du, 1 and 3 pl; subjunctive present; and present participle
- Variant 2: indicative present 2 and 3 sg, 2 pl
- Variant 3: indicative preterite singular
- Variant 4: indicative preterite dual and plural; and subjunctive preterite
- Variant 5: imperative 2 sg and 2 pl
- Variant 6: imperative 3 sg, dual, 1 and 3 pl
- Variant 7: past participle
The ablaut paterns:
| Class | Vr. 1 | Vr. 6 | Vr. 2 | Vr. 5 | Vr. 3 | Vr. 4 | Vr. 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 regular | -í- | -æ- | -i- | ||||
| 1 anomalous | -i- | -i- | |||||
| 2 regular | -ǿ- | -ø- | -y- | -á- | -u- | ||
| 2 anomalous | -y- | ||||||
| 3 regular | -i- | -a- | -u- | ||||
| 3 anomalous | -e- | -i- | |||||
| 4 regular | -e- | -i- | -a- | -é- | -u- | ||
| 4 anomalous | -u- | -i- | -u- | ||||
| 5 regular | -e- | -i- | -a- | -é- | -e- | ||
| 5 anomalous | -i- | -e- | |||||
| 6 regular | -a- | -ó- | -a- | ||||
| 7 type é | -é- | -æ- | -é- | ||||
| 7 type á | -á- | -u- | -á- | ||||
| 7 type ø | -ø- | -ǿ- | -ø- | ||||
| 7 type a | -a- | -e- | -a- | ||||
| 7 type æ | -æ- | -y- | -æ- | ||||
| 7 type ó | -ó- | -ø- | -ó- | ||||
However, many of verbs belonging to the 7th class have other irregularities, which should be paid special attention to.
The reduplication system was inherited from Proto-Germanic, but not intact. Several changes have occurred:
- the reduplicated vowel is always -è- [ə] (never stressed, the stress remains on the root)
- if the root began in a consonantal cluster, the cluster moved to the reduplication and the original cluster simplified
- most single-consonant onsets changed as well (voicing/fricativisation)
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