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Kamam grammar sketch
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Only tables so far
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Oct 2018, 02:31.

[comments] kuugrammar
[Public] ? ?
1. Kamam grammar sketch ? ?
+ Write new article in Kamam
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Menu 1. Overview 2. Phonology 3. Nouns 4. Verbs
[edit] [top]Overview


So far I've just made a couple of example grammar tables. Other things might come... eventually.

[edit] [top]Phonology


Vowels

Kamam has a system of front/back vowel harmony like many other East-Mirarian languages.

MonophthongsDiphthongs
FrontNeutralBackFrontNeutralBack
Highü /y/i /i/u /u/Highüiiiui
Midö /ø/o /o/Midöi öüoi ou
Lowe /e~æ/a /ɑ/Lowei eüai au

"Vh" sequences are pronounced as long vowels, eg.: öh -> /ø:/


Consonants

Consonants in Kamam also have harmony, which is based on voicing. The sonorants and /h/ all have neutral harmony.

LabialAlveolarDorsal
Nasalmnŋ
PlosiveVoicelessptk
Voicedbdg
AffricateVoicelesstj
Voiceddj
FricativeVoicelesss sjh
Voicedz zj
Approximantl rj

All are written the same as their IPA except for <tj dj> / t͡ʃ d͡ʒ / and <sj zj> / ʃ ʒ /


[edit] [top]Nouns


There are eight cases with two definiteness distinctions. Only definite nouns distinguish number.

Sample declension of kaul "hill" | back-voiceless harmony
INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent		DEFDefinite
"the"
SGSingular (number)
one countable entity		PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument		kaulkaulunkaulut
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient		kaulkauluskaullus
GENGenitive (case)
possessive		kaulukkauluŋunkauluŋut
PTVPartitive (number)
'some of' or for mass nouns		kaulurkaulurunkaulurut
INEInessive (case)
'inside'		kaulluiskaulluisinkaulluisit
ADEAdessive (case)
near/by		kaulluinkaulluininkaulluinit
INSCInstructive (case)
by means of		kaulukskauluksinkauluksit
ESSEssive (case)
'as, similar'		kaulupskaulupsinkaulupsit


Sample declension of karka "clothing" | back-voiceless harmony
INDEFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent		DEFDefinite
"the"
SGSingular (number)
one countable entity		PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument		karkakarjankarjat
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient		karkakarkaskarjas
GENGenitive (case)
possessive		karjakkarjakarja
PTVPartitive (number)
'some of' or for mass nouns		karjarkarjarankarjarat
INEInessive (case)
'inside'		karkkaiskarkkaisinkarkkaisit
ADEAdessive (case)
near/by		karkkainkarkkaininkarkkainit
INSCInstructive (case)
by means of		karjakskarjaksinkarjaksit
ESSEssive (case)
'as, similar'		karjapskarjapsinkarjapsit


[edit] [top]Verbs


Verbs conjugate for person, number, mood, aspect, and tense.

Sample conjugation of edijüz "to do" | front-voiced harmony
INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb		edijüz
SMPLSimple (class)
a simple form (cf. compound form, eg. phrasal verb)		 edi
INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future		PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I		2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)		3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee		1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)		2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)		3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them		1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I		2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)		3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee		1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)		2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)		3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
Øedinedigeddeedindedigdeddededjinedjigeddjeedjindedjigdeddjed
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action		edilinediligeddiledilindediligdedildedjilinedjiligeddjiledjilindedjiligdedjild
PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing		edibinedibigeddibedibindedibigdeddibidedjibinedjibigeddjibedjibindedjibigdedjibid
PFPGPerfect progressive (aspect/tense)
has been 		edijinedijigeddijeedijindedijigdeddijededjijinedjijigeddjijeedjijindedjijigdeddjijed
CONDConditional (mood)
would
NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future		PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I		2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)		3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee		1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)		2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)		3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them		1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I		2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)		3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee		1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)		2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)		3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
Øeddeineddeigeddeieddeindeddeigdeddeideddjeineddjeigeddjeieddjeindeddjeigdeddjeid
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action		edileinedileigedilleedileindedileigdedillededjileinedjileigedjilleedjileindedjileigdedjilled
PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing		edibeinedibeigedibbeedibeindedibeigdedibbededjibeinedjibeigedjibbeedjibeindedjibeigdedjibbed
PFPGPerfect progressive (aspect/tense)
has been 		edijeinedijeigeddijeiedijeindedijeigdeddijeidedjijeinedjijeigeddjijeiedjijeindedjijeigdeddjijeid
IMPImperative (mood)
command
AFFAffirmative (polarity)
positive, opposite of NEG		NEGNegative (polarity)
not
IMPImperative (mood)
command		edieddihin
HORTHortative (mood)
'let's...'		edimmeeddihimb






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