Lesson #1: The Basics
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3. Lesson #3: Verbs
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This lesson will go over:
- - Alphabet and Pronunciation
- Basic Grammar
- Common Phrases
| Winacq̓u | Phoneme | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Aa | /ä/ | Can range from [æ~ɑ]; typically realized as [ɑ] when following a uvular |
| Cc | /tʃ/ | May be simplified to [ʃ] in a coda position colliding with another consonant. This can be represented orthographically: sarackay vs saraxkay |
| C̓c̓ | /tʃʼ/ | |
| Hh | /h/ | Usually becomes voiced [ɦ] intervocalically |
| Ii | /i/ | Typically realized as [ɛ] when following a uvular |
| Kk | /k/ | |
| Kʷ kʷ | /kʷ/ | |
| K̓k̓ | /kʼ/ | |
| Ll | /l/ | |
| Ɬɬ | /ɬ/ | May become voiced [ɮ] when adjacent to a resonant |
| Mm | /m/ | May become weakened to [β] intervocalically |
| Nn | /n/ | |
| Ññ | /ɲ/ | |
| Pp | /p/ | |
| /q/ | May become weakened to [χ] intervocalically. This can be represented orthographically: suqunku vs sujunku | |
| Qʷ qʷ | /qʷ/ | May become weakened to [χʷ] intervocalically |
| Q̓q̓ | /qʼ/ | |
| Jj | /χ/ | Typically realized as [ç] when following /i/ |
| Rr | /ɾ/ | Becomes [rː] in rare cases of gemination |
| Ss | /s/ | May become voiced [z] when adjacent to a resonant |
| Tt | /t/ | Ranges from dental to alveolar |
| T̓t̓ | /tʼ/ | Ranges from dental to alveolar |
| Uu | /u/ | Typically realized as [ɔ] when following a uvular |
| Ww | /w/ | May become [ɥ] when following /i/ |
| Xx | /ʃ/ | May become voiced [ʒ] when adjacent to a resonant |
| Yy | /j/ | |
| Zz | /ts/ | |
| Z̓z̓ | /tsʼ/ | |
| Ŧŧ | /tɬ/ | |
| Ŧ̓ŧ̓ | /tɬʼ/ |
Winachq'u is an agglutinative, primarily head-final, Ergative-Absolutive, SOV language with upwards of 20 nominal cases. A few basic sentences will be shown below
Sujran kʷackaypa.
[ˈsuχɾan kʷatʃˈkajpa]
fish-(ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument) eat-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
"I eat a/the fish."
Sujran kʷacixkaypa.
[ˈsuχɾan kʷatʃiʃˈkajpa]
fish-(ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument) eat-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
"I ate a/the fish."
Kiñaq̓uj ɬun.
[kiˈɲaqʼɔχ ɬun]
cheese-PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker-(ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument) soft-be
"This cheese is soft."
Pincunkʷan punixpat̓u.
[pinˈtʃuŋkʷan puniʃˈpatʼu]
yesterday arrive-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-2HD
"I heard that he arrived yesterday."
Muqum ranacquxkaytu.
[ˈmuqum ɾanatʃqɔʃˈkajtu]
here kill-TRTransitive (valency)
has two arguments-SMPLSimple (class)
a simple form (cf. compound form, eg. phrasal verb).FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
"I will kill you here."
| Winachq'u | Phonetic transcription | English approximation | Literal translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ñanajti | [ɲaˈnaχti] | Hello | To health |
| T̓impininma? | [tʼimpiˈninma] | What's your name? | What's your name? |
| Ñanajtunma? | [ɲanaχˈtunma] | How are you? | What's your state? |
| Cipicij | [tʃiˈpitʃiç] | Good day | Good day |
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