Naduta Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses: view article

Menu 1. Attributive forms 2. Predicative forms 3. Pronominalization In Naduta, genitives, adjectives and relative clauses all function in a similar way, forming their attributives by means of a suffix or particle, while their predicative forms vary. The attributive and predicative forms of each will be compared and explained in this article.

[edit] [top]Attributive forms

The attributive form of a word is the form used when it directly modifies a noun. Verbs and adjectives in Naduta form their attributives by appending the suffix h -da directly to the stem. Genitives, on the other hand, are formed with the particle 乃 ya-. This only occurs for nouns, which must be declined in the nominative.

	base stem	attributive stem	base stem meaning
verb	読 du-	読h duda-	"to read"
adjective	大 trun-	大h trunda-	"big"
genitive construction	女 i-	女斧乃 ita ya-	"woman"

h da- and 乃 ya- are then declined in order to agree with the head noun in number, gender, and case. Some examples:

大h斧鷹斧
trundata kauta
big-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument eagle-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"a big eagle (NOM)"

若hdj女女j
edudarey irey
young-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) woman-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.OBJObject (argument)
"young women (OBJ)"

pe杯e
gendan guyne
small-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument cup-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"a small cup (NOM)"

(note that 小 + h irregularly becomes p)

読h斧賢9
dudata darhata
read-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument wise.man-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"the wise man who reads (NOM)"

泳hdj魚魚j
hesdarey gurey
swim-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) fish-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.OBJObject (argument)
"the fish that swim (OBJ)"

神木館膚従了出d斧人人斧
nhubispheih gi tah-nidarta barta
holy.sanctuary-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) from PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=exit-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument person-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"the people who left the holy sanctuary"

qe 耳e
bu yan man
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument POSPossessor
generic possessive article-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument ear-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"my ear (NOM)"

牛斧QV皮紐
nhayta yanta uhanta
cattle-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument POSPossessor
generic possessive article-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument hide-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"the cattle's hide (NOM)"

盤e乃l下l
thayan yah nuuh
board-SG.KNW.NOM POS-SG.KNW.OBJ bottom-SG.KNW.OBJ
"the bottom of the board (OBJ)"

As you can see, case endings frequently appear above the 乃 and h signs, e.g. 6 -dan, QK yan, QV yanta.

[edit] [top]Predicative forms

In the predicate, adjectives, verbs, and genitives all function differently. Each form will be outlined briefly below.

Verbs
Verbs simply conjugate as usual, taking the appropriate personal ending:

賢9読m
Darhata dumu.
wise.man-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument read-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
"The wise man reads."

魚魚斧泳dm
Gurta hesurmu.
fish-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument swim-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
"The fish swim."

人人斧神木館膚従了出dm
Barta nhubispheih gi tah-nidarmu.
person-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument holy.sanctuary-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) from PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=exit-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
"The people left the holy sanctuary."

Adjectives
In the predicative form, adjectives are always accompanied by the copula, 是 yu, which appears directly after them and is conjugated appropriately as a verb:

鷹斧大是m
kauta trun-yumu.
eagle-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument big-be-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The eagle is big.

女女斧若 Tdm
Irta edu-yurmu.
woman-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ANIMUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) young-COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
"The women are young."

杯e小是m
Guyne gen-yumu.
cup-SG.KNW.NOM small-COP-3
"The cup is small."

Genitives
Unlike verbs and adjectives, genitives do not have a specific predicative form. They may, however, appear in a predicative position, which will be discussed below.

[edit] [top]Pronominalization

Genitives, adjectives and relative clauses all may be pronominalized; that is, they may deictically represent the entity they modify. As they agree in case, gender, and number with the head noun, it may be dropped, leaving the attributive phrase to stand in. Examples:

大h斧鷹斧
trundata kauta
big-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument eagle-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"a big eagle (NOM)"

Dropping the head noun results in:

大h斧
trundata
big-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"a big one (ANIM NOM)"

読h斧賢9
dudata darhata
read-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument wise.man-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"the wise man who reads (NOM)"

Dropping the head noun results in:

読h斧
dudata
read-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ANIMUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"one who reads (ANIM NOM)"

qe 耳e
bu yan man
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument POSPossessor
generic possessive article-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument ear-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"my ear (NOM)"

Dropping the head noun results in:

qe
bu yan
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument POSPossessor
generic possessive article-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
"mine (KNW NOM)" ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article

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