A simple guide to Kavish grammar
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This is a simple guide to the conjugations of nouns/verbs/adjectives in Kavish.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Dec 2019, 02:07.
[comments] kavishkwugrammarconjugation
2. Kavish vulgarity
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Kavish conjugation is very regular, and though there are many endings a noun/verb can take, with a bit of practice, anyone can conjugate a word!First thing to note is that indefinite/definite articles don't exist in Kavish, and the verb 'to be' only exists in the past and future tense, and even then, it only is written in certain scenarios.
Here are Kavish pronouns.
They can seem unpredictable, but note that they are regular as well and don't have to agree to a noun's gender.
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I | 2Second person (person) addressee (you) | 3MThird person masculine (person) he/they | 3FThird person feminine (person) she/they | 3NThird person neuter (person) | 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | eč | wų | tiš | tįś | tęga | nek | wųće | tjharu |
| ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | eča | wųe | tišę | tįśą | tęgį | neka | wųćę | tjhary |
| DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | ečep | wųn | tišp | tįśka | tęgam | neke | wųćo | tjherek |
| GENGenitive (case) possessive | ečeļeš | wųļe | tišeš | tįśaļ | tęgaš | nekeź | wųćoš | thećaļe |
Note that 3NThird person neuter (person) doesn't refer to another grammatical gender (neuter), as this doesn't exist in Kavish (it only has masculine and feminine nouns).
This refers to the pronoun 'it'.
Examples:
Eč įwšojkpe ar ryesko.
I run with the dog.
Note 'eč' in the nominative case, however, it can be removed, as the case of the verb indicates who is running in this sentence.
Ku dokmekućed tįśaļ hebęč tjherek.
I will give his bread to them.
Note the removal of 'eč', and the genitive form of 'tiš', as well as the dative form of 'tjharu'.
Nekeź męule neńęgakowo wųe.
Our cat keeps harassing you.
Note the genitive form of 'nek', and the accusative form of 'wų'.
Nouns are a bit more complex than this.
There are two grammatical genders in Kavish, masculine and feminine.
They each have different case endings, even for plurals, which can be tricky.
For masculine nouns:
| MASCMasculine (gender) masculine or male | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | |
|---|---|---|
| NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | (use original word here) | -y |
| ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | -ęč | -yč |
| DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | -ko | -kym |
| GENGenitive (case) possessive | -śes | -śeke |
| ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar' | -mez | -meżi |
| ABEAbessive (case) without | -jegį | -jego |
| INEInessive (case) 'inside' | -duża | -buko |
| INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using' | -pąr | -pųw |
| LOCLocative (case) 'in, on, at' etc | -tęh | -tjhah |
| PEGPegative (case) giver, source | -ļeń | -ļakyb |
For feminine nouns:
| FEMFeminine (gender) feminine or female | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | |
|---|---|---|
| NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | (use original word here) | -ij |
| ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient | -eć | -ijeć |
| DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | -kaje | -kajka |
| GENGenitive (case) possessive | -śųg | -śųga |
| ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar' | -meź | -mezį |
| ABEAbessive (case) without | -joba | -joby |
| INEInessive (case) 'inside' | -udźa | -budźa |
| INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using' | -paļ | -paļew |
| LOCLocative (case) 'in, on, at' etc | -thę | -theju |
| PEGPegative (case) giver, source | -hęgęk | -hęgam |
Examples:
Bakeń solespuewą pyneuweć tęgaš dźupepaļ.
The bird drinks milk using its beak.
'Bird' (bakeń) is in the nominative form in this sentence. Notice how there's no definite article. 'Milk' (pyneuw) is in the accusative case, being directly affected by the bird (because it is drinking the milk), and 'beak' (dźupe) is in the instrumental case, as the bird is using its own beak to complete its task.
Ečeļeš tewoļuz dabipwowo buzdom dabidżamez.
My father works as a construction worker.
Notice that the word 'worker' (dabidża) is in the essive case to signify that the 'father' (tewoļuz) is working as one.
Bakporgem domduża agųęjoby.
I live in a house without fruit.
'House' (dom) is in the inessive case, signalling that the speaker lives inside of the house. 'Fruit' (agųę) is in the plural abessive case, signalling that the speaker is without multiple fruit items or just fruit as a whole.
Verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, however there are imperative, abessive, and continuous forms as well!
There are no differences in conjugation due to the gender of a noun, it's all the same.
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I | 2Second person (person) addressee (you) | 3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee | 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRESPresent tense (tense) current | -em | -et | -ewą | -ne | -rog | -dęm |
| PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | -pe | -eb | -awo | -neta | -rume | -dęmą |
| FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech | ku -ćed | ku -ćeb | ku -wak | ku -nąm | ku -roni | ku -duży |
| CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action | -źim | -kiń | -owo | -nyket | -redżę | -dźem |
| IMPImperative (mood) command | -šet | -tańi | -peku | -netke | -ruščak | -dego |
| ABEAbessive (case) without | -śewa | -kańe | -pegow | -ńeļbe | -rąść | -dżeth |
Examples:
Ku gawšejduży domęč.
They will walk to the house.
The verb 'gawšejek' is in the third-person plural future tense form, as pluractionality exists in Kavish.
Opekasruščak!
Sit down!
The verb 'opekasek' is in the second-person plural imperative form, as a command is given to multiple people.
Ine dżek robįćem teyt tewebrśewa okų!
I can't do that without hitting myself!
'Tewebrek' is in the first-person abessive form, as to say 'without doing an action'.
Adjectives in Kavish are thankfully very simple.
They agree to a noun by gender and number.
| SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | |
|---|---|---|
| MASCMasculine (gender) masculine or male | -o | -us |
| FEMFeminine (gender) feminine or female | -śa | -et |
| NEUTNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter | (original form of the adjective) | -ja |
Note that there's a neuter gender on the table.
This applies to all pronouns except for third-person masculine/feminine, and determiners such as 'this' or 'that'.
Examples:
Teyt źewij dźųterwaet.
Those trees are green.
'Dźųterwa' is in the feminine plural form, because 'źewa' is a feminine noun, and a plural, in this context.
Melńśa męule jemewą mewyo baltso ńśćaęč.
The black cat eats the small white mouse.
'Melń' is in the feminine singular form, while 'mewy' and 'balts' are in the masculine singular form.
Tęga tabodze tarturę teytam!
It's so hot there!
Both 'tabodze' and 'tarturę' are in their original forms due to the subject (tęga, in this case) not having a specified grammatical gender.
Believe it or not, the word for 'not' (in) has to agree with verbs as well, in every aspect that verbs conjugate (except for abessive, which simply uses the tense of the verb to conjugate)!
This can be very tricky to learn, as not every form of 'in' looks the same as another.
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I | 2Second person (person) addressee (you) | 3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee | 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRESPresent tense (tense) current | ine | inų | in | inć | ihi | ige |
| PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | ińa | ińu | ińem | ińeč | iho | ikem |
| FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech | to ineļ | to ieļek | to eni | to ńeni | to ęho | to ękah |
| CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action | eń | ete | ey | ąmep | ąle | yhei |
| IMPImperative (mood) command | jor ine | jor inų | jor in | jor inć | jor ihi | jor ige |
Examples:
To eni ku irnąm byleko!
We won't have anything!
'In' is in the first-person plural future-tense form, which agrees with the verb, 'irek'.
Jor inų donąščruščak!
Don't touch!
'In' is in the second-person imperative form, signalling a command of not to do something.
Ine kohąmćem wųe.
I don't love you.
'In', in this case, is in the first-person present form.
Kavish conjugation is complicated, but regular, and with enough practice, it's not too hard to grasp! ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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