Ancient Tyrian [ATYR]
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Registered by
[Deactivated User] on 1 January 2020
Language type
A priori
Species
Human/humanoid
Sample of Ancient Tyrian[view]
For my father, I ate with the animals. / With your trident, I will give the man to my mothers. / I'm going to all eight large residences of the bird of fire that the man saw. / A person sees an animal. / An animal is seen by a person. / The person sees big animals. / He hunted birds once. / The man atop the rock walked to our home. / The dog goes to the sun.[view all texts]
For my father, I ate with the animals. / With your trident, I will give the man to my mothers. / I'm going to all eight large residences of the bird of fire that the man saw. / A person sees an animal. / An animal is seen by a person. / The person sees big animals. / He hunted birds once. / The man atop the rock walked to our home. / The dog goes to the sun.[view all texts]
Language family relationships
Phonology
| Consonants | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Labio- velar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
| Nasal | m1 | n̪ | ||||||||||||||
| Plosive | p2 | t̪3 | k4 | q5 | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ6 | β7 | θ8 | s | z | χ9 | ʁ10 | h11 | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l̪ | |||||||||||||||
| Approximant | j12 | [w]13 | ||||||||||||||
| Flap | ɾ14 | |||||||||||||||
| Blends | jʊ15 | hr16 | bm17 | ja18 | hn̪19 | jɛ20 | sm21 | ks | kr | d̪n̪22 |
| sw23 | ts24 | hw25 | jɨ26 | sn | hm27 | jɔ28 | ps | sɹ | pr | |
| tr |
- Does not occur finally. May not be palatalized.
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- Sometimes realized as /ʔ/.
- Does not occur initially. May not be palatalized. Sometimes realized as [h~ħ] finally.
- May not be palatalized.
- Does not occur initially.
- May also be realized as /x/.
- Does not occur finally. May also be realized as /ɣ/.
- When palatalized, is realized as [ç].
- See notes about palatalization and iotated vowels. May not be palatalized.
- Finally, allophone of /β/
- May be realized as [r] initially or finally after stress.
- Phonetically [ʲʊ].
- Phonetically [ɾ̥].
- Phonetically [ᵇm]. May not be palatalized.
- Phonetically [ʲa], or [ʲæ] when stressed or in free variation. When [ʲæ] stressed, sometimes [ʲæ͡ə].
- Phonetically dental [n̥].
- Phonetically [ʲɛ], or [ʲe] in careful speech.
- May not be palatalized.
- Phonetically dental [ᵈn].
- May not be palatalized.
- Phonetically [t͡s].
- Phonetically [ʍ]. May not be palatalized.
- Phonetically [ʲɨ], or sometimes [i] after clusters.
- Phonetically [m̥]. May not be palatalized.
- Phonetically [ʲɔ], or [ʲɔ̃] in careful speech.
| Vowels | Front | Near- front | Near- back | Back | ||||
| Close | [i]1 | [u]2 | ||||||
| Near-close | ɪ3 | ʊ4 | ||||||
| Close-mid | e5 | |||||||
| Open-mid | ɔ̃6 | |||||||
| Near-open | [æ]7 | |||||||
| Open | a | |||||||
- Word-finally, allophone of /ɪ/
- When stressed before palatalized consonants, allophone of /ʊ/
- Does not occur unstressed before /j/.
- Does not occur unstressed before /j/.
- May be realized as [ɛ] when unstressed in free variation.
- Consonants may not occur after /ɔ̃/ finally.
- When next to a syllable with a stressed /ja/, allophone of /a/
Syllable StructureThe syllable structure can be presented as either C(C)(j)V(C)(C), or C(C)V(C)(C), depending on your interpretation of palatalization (see 'Other').
However, some of the "blends" you see are phonetically single consonants, and are only listed as "blends" for stress purposes - they close one syllable and open another. The "blends" that actually are clusters are the only clusters that can exist in the language, with an exception if you count palatalization as clustering. They are listed as blends mostly for PhoMo reasons, although it's nice to have a place to list all the permitted clusters. They can be summarized as [p t k]+[s r], [s h]+[m n r w], and /bm, dn/. Clusters can exist in initially, medially, or finally.
So the syllable structure above is slightly misleading in that it gives the impression of a much more complex syllable structure than Tyryani actually has. Clusters may only ever be two consonants long, three if you count palatalization.
However, some of the "blends" you see are phonetically single consonants, and are only listed as "blends" for stress purposes - they close one syllable and open another. The "blends" that actually are clusters are the only clusters that can exist in the language, with an exception if you count palatalization as clustering. They are listed as blends mostly for PhoMo reasons, although it's nice to have a place to list all the permitted clusters. They can be summarized as [p t k]+[s r], [s h]+[m n r w], and /bm, dn/. Clusters can exist in initially, medially, or finally.
So the syllable structure above is slightly misleading in that it gives the impression of a much more complex syllable structure than Tyryani actually has. Clusters may only ever be two consonants long, three if you count palatalization.
Stress informationIf a word has no suffixes (is a base root) stress is determined by six rules:
1. The last /ɔ̃/ in a word is stressed, unless a) it is before the antepenultimate syllable, or b) there is a closed syllable after it and it wouldn't be stressed by the rules following.
2. PENULTIMATE if the penultimate syllable is closed (palatalization does close syllables for this purpose: /hakatja/=[ha.'kat.ʲæ]).
3. ULTIMATE if the ultimate syllable is closed and the penultimate syllable is open.
4. ANTEPENULTIMATE if the penultimate nucleus is one of /a ɪ ʊ/ and the final two syllables are open.
5. PENULTIMATE otherwise.
6. If the word is a nominative singular indefinite noun, and has a "final" (to become definite it would take a suffix consonant), then it is stressed PENULTIMATE no matter its phonetic composition.
If a word has suffixes, then the stress may be different - suffixes either a) are mandatorily stressed, b) mandate that stress fall on the syllable before them, or c) don't mandatorily stress anything. "Finals" fall in the middle category, which is a reason for the sixth rule above.
1. The last /ɔ̃/ in a word is stressed, unless a) it is before the antepenultimate syllable, or b) there is a closed syllable after it and it wouldn't be stressed by the rules following.
2. PENULTIMATE if the penultimate syllable is closed (palatalization does close syllables for this purpose: /hakatja/=[ha.'kat.ʲæ]).
3. ULTIMATE if the ultimate syllable is closed and the penultimate syllable is open.
4. ANTEPENULTIMATE if the penultimate nucleus is one of /a ɪ ʊ/ and the final two syllables are open.
5. PENULTIMATE otherwise.
6. If the word is a nominative singular indefinite noun, and has a "final" (to become definite it would take a suffix consonant), then it is stressed PENULTIMATE no matter its phonetic composition.
If a word has suffixes, then the stress may be different - suffixes either a) are mandatorily stressed, b) mandate that stress fall on the syllable before them, or c) don't mandatorily stress anything. "Finals" fall in the middle category, which is a reason for the sixth rule above.
OtherPalatalization
The "blends" you see listed as /j/ plus a vowel can be interpreted many ways. Basically, between most consonants/clusters and vowels, there can be a /j/. You could interpret this as a third consonant in the cluster. You could interpret this as there being five extra vowels - "iotated" vowels. I have chosen to represent them here as iotated vowels because it is simpler to work with the CWS phonology tools, but a possible third consonant /j/ in clusters is also a valid representation. When I refer to consonants or clusters as "palatalized", it means they are before /j/ [ʲ] - or, in the representation I have chosen to display here, before iotated vowels. So when it says in a note that 'palatalized /h/ is phonetically [ç]', it means that /hjaka/ is pronounced ['çæ.ka]. Single consonants may be palatalized finally, but "blends" may not.
Sandhi
If two like stops come together in sandhi, there is a likelihood of the first stop phonetically leniting (/p t k q/ > /ɸ θ x k/ and /ps ts ks/ > /s/).
The "blends" you see listed as /j/ plus a vowel can be interpreted many ways. Basically, between most consonants/clusters and vowels, there can be a /j/. You could interpret this as a third consonant in the cluster. You could interpret this as there being five extra vowels - "iotated" vowels. I have chosen to represent them here as iotated vowels because it is simpler to work with the CWS phonology tools, but a possible third consonant /j/ in clusters is also a valid representation. When I refer to consonants or clusters as "palatalized", it means they are before /j/ [ʲ] - or, in the representation I have chosen to display here, before iotated vowels. So when it says in a note that 'palatalized /h/ is phonetically [ç]', it means that /hjaka/ is pronounced ['çæ.ka]. Single consonants may be palatalized finally, but "blends" may not.
Sandhi
If two like stops come together in sandhi, there is a likelihood of the first stop phonetically leniting (/p t k q/ > /ɸ θ x k/ and /ps ts ks/ > /s/).
Orthography
Below is the orthography for Ancient Tyrian. This includes all graphemes as defined in the language's phonology settings - excluding the non-distinct graphemes/polygraphs.
 Ancient TyrianOrthography [edit] | |||||||||
| a a /a/ | bm bm /bm/1 | ç ç /θ/2 | dn dn /d̪n̪/3 | e e /e/4 | fh fh /ɸ/5 | gh gh /ʁ/6 | h h /h/7 | i i [i]8 | k k /k/9 |
| kh kh /χ/10 | l l /l̪/ | m m /m/11 | n n /n̪/ | õ õ /ɔ̃/12 | p p /p/13 | q q /q/14 | r r /ɾ/15 | s s /s/ | t t /t̪/16 |
| u u /ʊ/17, [w]18 | vh vh /β/19 | y y /j/20, /ɪ/21 | ya ya /ja/22 | ye ye /jɛ/23 | yi yi /jɨ/24 | yõ yõ /jɔ/25 | yu yu /jʊ/26 | z z /z/ | |
| ✖ Unknown alphabetical order [change] | |||||||||
- Phonetically [ᵇm]. May not be palatalized.
- Does not occur initially.
- Phonetically dental [ᵈn].
- May be realized as [ɛ] when unstressed in free variation.
- Does not occur initially. May not be palatalized. Sometimes realized as [h~ħ] finally.
- Does not occur finally. May also be realized as /ɣ/.
- When palatalized, is realized as [ç].
- Word-finally
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- May also be realized as /x/.
- Does not occur finally. May not be palatalized.
- Consonants may not occur after /ɔ̃/ finally.
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- Sometimes realized as /ʔ/.
- May be realized as [r] initially or finally after stress.
- Aspirated finally, and initially before vowels.
- Does not occur unstressed before /j/.
- Finally
- May not be palatalized.
- See notes about palatalization and iotated vowels. May not be palatalized.
- Does not occur unstressed before /j/.
- Phonetically [ʲa], or [ʲæ] when stressed or in free variation. When [ʲæ] stressed, sometimes [ʲæ͡ə].
- Phonetically [ʲɛ], or [ʲe] in careful speech.
- Phonetically [ʲɨ], or sometimes [i] after clusters.
- Phonetically [ʲɔ], or [ʲɔ̃] in careful speech.
- Phonetically [ʲʊ].
Additional NotesThe vowels flying out of their boxes actually go on top of the previous letter (no word can start with a vowel).
