Tnaaq clitics
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[comments] trpcliticsagreementverbstnaaq
2. Auxiliary verbs
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4. Phonology of Tnaaq
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5. Tnaaq clitics
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6. Tnaaq comparatives
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7. Tnaaq conjunctions
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8. Tnaaq derivation
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9. Tnaaq kinship
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10. Tnaaq nouns
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11. Tnaaq numerals
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13. Tnaaq prepositions
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14. Tnaaq pronouns
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15. Tnaaq relative clauses
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16. Tnaaq solar calendar
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17. Tnaaq syntax
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18. Tnaaq verbs
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19. Tnaaq writing system
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20. Tnaaq's background
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Tnaaq uses a pretty big set of second position clitics. These come after the first phonological word and become attached to it. They are used to express different meanings, including person/case, mode, former incorporated nominals, voice, evidentiality, clause linking and "attitudes/emotions".Their clitic status is clear when auxiliary verbs and complementizers are involved:
▼ Examples
Some changes can happen to clitics in the word boundary. Usually, an initial =h is dropped. An initial high vowel assimilates to a preceding short vowel ('y' assimilates to any vowel regardless of order) and drops before a long vowel or diphthong.
Some other clitics may have two forms with one or two moras respectively, used accordingly to foot structure.
There are three different sets of person prefixes. Oblique and locative clitics can't appear together. Masculine is different from feminine only in ergative. The feminine is used seldom, and a general animate is common. The order between them is fixed:
[LOC=OBL=ERG].
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc/Anim | Fem | Inanim | |||
| ERG | s | k | t/r | n | u |
| OBL | st | t | rt | nt | ut |
| LOC | sk | k | rk | nk | uk |
Ergative:
The ergative clitic is used with transitive verbs to show the agent. Third person clitics, when present, are anaphorical (they refer to already mentioned things).
▼ Examples
Oblique clitics:
Oblique is used for benefactive and covers some preposicional verbs. The locative covers position but also other meanings, and is used in common auxiliary constructions.
They appear with some verbs instead of a required prepositional phrase. Applicative verbs and passive verbs also use this suffixes as the agent or benefactive.
▼ Examples
Locative clitics:
They're used with the other set of suffixes to indicate both physical and metaphorical locations
▼ Examples
Some Tnaaq verbs take clitics that were former independent nouns. Most of the nouns that were incorporated in this way relate to parts of the body, the meaning of the compounds sometimes has changed so it is not inferable. Some of the clitics have specialized to this function, and a new word has been created to appear by itself. These clitics come after the person clitics and before the modals. They are divided in 3 groups according to their function, and they come in the following order:
[voice]+[positionals]+[corporal]
Voice clitics
They are used to change the voice of the clause. the reflexive =nau and the reciprocal =nus
=nus: Reciprocal
This prefix comes from an old root for body, but it can't be found as an independent root in Classic Tnaaq. It requires the -i plural in the verb.
ViHTHTiZSkNSsV.
Nuuht htyy nuskan susani.
nuuht
time ∅-htyy
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-much n=nus=kan
RELRelative s-us-han-i
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-open-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=RECIPUnknown code=arm
We hugged for a long time.
=nau: Reflexive
This comes from the common word for body, 'taunau'.
uktar nau: wake up
QpiTMZKtRTMPWKtRVSTN.
Quqaatnau suktart nauq uktarnustn.
quqaat=nau
yesterday=REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself s-uktar-t
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-wake.up-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action n=auq
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=face uktarnustn
sunrise
Yesterday I woke up before sunrise.
Positionals
They mark the goal of a movement, grounds and positions. See Tnaaq positionals for these ones.
Part
They retain more the body part meaning, but they can also be used for metaphoric extensions such as emotions.
=us: Cognitive
The current word for liver is 'hkanq', and speakers can't relate =us to that meaning. As an independent noun it predates first texts.
usaustans: bring back
usaustans us: remember
UESzBCStNS?
Tukus siqausaustans?
tu=k=us
QInterrogative
question=2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument=mind s-(i)qa-us-austans
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-IRRIrrealis
mood-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-return
Can you remember me?
=taq: instrumental
This is a general instrumental. It is more used as a nominal phrase clitic, but it sometimes appears with verbs in the older documents.
=tu: foot *Noun: utyyty
This clitic has several meanings, including activities performed by foot, with the foot or in a stepping manner.
=nak: stomach (emotional) *Noun: nak (belly), rasti (stomach)
=(h)aq: mouth (sound-related) *Noun: aq (mouth cavity), kauk (as a whole)
uriisana: play uriisana haq: sing
=(h)auq: face (emotional) *Noun: hauq
suusnar: hide
suusnar/asuusnar auq: be/act like a coward
xeZiSnRTKBKEiK.
Ati hqau suusnart htuuq
Ati
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few k-qau
DEFDefinite
"the"-dog ∅-suusnar-t
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-hide-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-tuuq
DEFDefinite
"the"-bone
The dog hid the bones
Aikasuusnarauq!
AkZiSnLP!
aikasuusnarauq
IMPImperative (mood)
command-NEGNegative (polarity)
not-2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-TSun element (gender/class)-hide=face
Don't be a coward!
=(h)aih: head (cognitive) *Noun: haih
tan: catch tan haih: learn, memorize
=kan: arm (instrumental)*Noun:kanha
This clitic is used when the activity from the verb is performed with the hand or with a hand tool.
=xun: bidimensional
=iq: liquid
Modal:
=ai desiderative
Tukai inauh sannur?
tu=k=ai
QInterrogative
question=2Second person (person)
addressee (you)=DESDesiderative (mood)
wishes, desires, wants i-nau-ah
IRRIrrealis
mood-eat-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.SUBJUnknown code san-nur
bread-sweet?
Would you guys like to eat cake?
=inaik des. neg
Sniqunihkkaahinaiqqitkai.
s-n(i)qun-ihk=kaa=inaik=qit=skai
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-(IRRIrrealis
mood)go-TRASUnknown code=beach=DESDesiderative (mood)
wishes, desires, wants.NEGNegative (polarity)
not=f...=again
I don't wanna go to the f...ing beach again.
=xaix obligative (syntax: ii xaix X q FV)
=nnu gnomic
Uanqunsai iuu nauqannu sntaharqanuu
Ua-nqun-sai
NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-go-along iuu
person n=auqa=nnu
RELRelative=face=GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths s-nta-har-q-anuu
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-say-show
A friend is one before whom I may think aloud.
=ris certainty
=suu I think
=tqai: Weak possibility (nta-V=tqai)
=xyyk: Strong possibility (nta-V=xyyk)
The following are used to form a conditional:
n (irr)-V=sauti implicative
Quqsau uuksauti n isiiqsaq iintuis qurt su iaitqa.
quqsau uuk=sauti
today=CONDConditional (mood)
would PROGR
RELRelative i-siiqsaq
IRRIrrealis
mood-rain i-untuis
IRRIrrealis
mood-smell.like qurt
soil su
to iaitqa
wet.soil
If it rains today it will smell like wet soil.
n (irr)=suu hipotetical
Kasiiqsaqsuu n iaat niqunqutat tanqan nraa nuuht.
k-a-siiqsaq=suu
DEFDefinite
"the"-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-rain=CONDConditional (mood)
would n
PROGRUnknown code iaa-t
stop-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action n(i)qun-qut-at
(IRRIrrealis
mood)come-home-CISUnknown code ta-nqan
NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male-father n=raa
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=back nuuht
time
If the rain stopped your father would come home earlier.
n (irr)=aqsy counterfactual
Isqahats asuhasiq nysaqsy iinaq q siiqsaq n qurtan aik.
i-sqah-at=s
IRRIrrealis
mood-bring-CISUnknown code=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent a-suxas-iq
NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-cover-water n=aqsy
PROGRUnknown code=CONDConditional (mood)
would i-iinaq IRR-know q
CCommon gender (gender/class)
common gender siiqsaq
rain n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc qurtan
night aik
DEMDemonstrative
e.g. this/ that.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker
I would have brought an umbrella if I had known that it was going to rain tonight.
Emphatic:
=is mirative
Used for conveying information considered new for the listener.
Hkaihntis, kniinrunqnik. Hkirirtnunquuti.
k-kaih=nt=is
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-be.like=3FThird person feminine (person)
she/they.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object=MIRMirative/admirative (mood/emotive)
surprise, doubt k-niin-n=unq=nik
2Second person (person)
addressee (you)-short-INALInalienable (possesson)
thing that can't be gained or lost=over=but
k-hir-ir-tn=unq=uuti
2-annoy-FREQ-RES=over=also
You're just like her, only shorter. And more annoying.
auhai emphatic/suddenly
It is used for events that have just happened and were abrupt or unexpected.
Ihkyksanauhai kantaust syyhtn taitat kaahqntan
ihk=k=san=auhai
INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'=2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent=eye=just kantaus-t
find.out-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
syyhtn
piece
taitat
stone kaahq-n=tan
big-ATRUnknown code=GENGenitive (case)
possessive
You have just discovered a big piece of stone.
=inan emphatic (sad)
It appears on complains. It was used un older times for petitions, as a self-humiliating way of speaking to higher hierarchy people.
Snuraatnitiniqanauhi
s-nur-aatn-i-t=iq=inan=auhi
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-APLUnknown code-run.out-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action=sad=just
We just ran out of water :C
=kaa aseverative
This clitic implies that the speaker holds what xe says as truth, but not common knowledge (gnomic clitic =nnu is used in those cases)
Iinknauqqaa ariihauna.
ii=nk=n-auq=kaa
be=3FThird person feminine (person)
she/they.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=on-head=ASEVUnknown code a-riihauna
NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-ugly
She's wearing an ugly one (hat). (wear on head)
=qit fucking x
Tuntusaqqit inuraat?
tuntusaqqit
why=2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent=fuck s-i-nur-aa-t
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-IRRIrrealis
mood-APLUnknown code-do-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action ?
Why did you fucking do this to me?
=nkaiq truly, honestly, really
Similar to =kaa, but stronger.
Connective
=sauha then (non causal)
Ati tUnkarank nahunt knaik, atitsauha suntr knuhna.
at-i
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
t-unkarank
M-Unkarank
nahun-t
feed-PFV k-naik
DEFDefinite
"the"-pig at-i=t=sauha
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=3MThird person masculine (person)
he/they.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent=then sunt-t
water-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-nuhna
DEFDefinite
"the"-terror.bird
Unkarank fed the pigs, then he watered the terror birds.
=sai simultaneous (used with n)
=irau then (causal)
Trqunkannu skiih nuhna ahquutrs iqauh, n tiikikaki. Hqaktairiirau, tn tari n kaarusau arqiih n sauhati us nautaisi
t-t-qunk-ah=nnu
HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit-swallow-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths k-siih nuhna
boa constrictor ahquut=rs
prey=own iqauh
whole n
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly' tiikik-ak-i
swallow-NEGNegative (polarity)
not-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few hqa-k-tair-i=irau
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-NEGNegative (polarity)
not-move-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few=thus tn
CONJConjunction
links two arguments or clauses together tari
sleep-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few n
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc kaarusau
month arqiih
six n
RELRelative sauhat-i
need-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few us
PURPUnknown code nautais-i
digest-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
Boa constrictors swallow their prey whole, without chewing it. After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months that they need for digestion.
=uuti: too, also
Atykaihuuti ustant qaq uriisana!
at=k=haih=uuti
PFV=2=head=also
us-tan-t
CAUS-catch-PFV q=aq
CCommon gender (gender/class)
common gender=mouth uriisana
play
And you taught him to sing!
=tnau so, because of that
Suhaska, sutiihustnau n ruuhaik
s-uaska
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-old s-u-tii=us=tnau
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-IRRIrrealis
mood-sit=thus n
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly' ruu-haik
way-other
I'm old, so I'm giving it anyway
Discursive/Adverbial
=nyyk: too, excesively
=auhi: just
=nty: what about?
=tnuu: keep on x, still, yet
=skai: again
=qsy: instead
=ank: partitive, do some x
=tuq: about to
=nyyrhq: even
=tairai: just, only, but
ALL THESE CLITICS COME IN SECOND POSITION OF THE PHRASE
WORD=[DAT=ACU=NOM=LOC]=[ASP=VOICE=POS=CORP]=[MODE=EVID=EMPH]=[CONN=DISC]
Na nuqsytsainakinaikinaisauhauti siqaxihki: that's why she doesn't want to take them along with her to there for me, too (how sad!)
n=uq=st=sai=nak=inaik=inai=sauha=uuti
n=3.INAN.ACC=1.DAT=along=ILAT=DES.NEG=sad=then=too
n=ACC=DAT=ASP=POS=MODE=CON1=CON2=EMPH
There are two kinds of nominal clitics in Tnaaq. Second position clitics follow the first word of the noun phrase. They are dissapearing, being the only one functional the correferential. Final position clitics are more common, and usually indicate cases like intruments and genitives.
second position:
=rs correferentiality.
Contrast:
At kart Ati nau sqaastat: Ati(h) broke her(i) pencil.
At kart Ati nars sqaastat: Ati broke her own pencil.
At kart Ati sqaastatrs: Ati broke her own pencil.
At nquunatinak, sqaxihkatn rars raantnqas. They came and took their own television away.
At nquunatinak, sqaxihkatn ra raantnqas. They(i) came and took their(j) television away.
Final position:
=a Possesive genitive
Tusuxasatixqainai hkaunan tasisaka.
My brother's book got wet.
=taq instrumental
=uuti comitative (also present in the second position)
=tar origin genitive
=ran material genitive
kainatkih hikaakarantaq.
There are two clitic conjunctions:
N N=qur: N or N
N=qur N=qur
N N=kn: N and N
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