Noun morphology
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how to conjugate and use nouns in Cathilean
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 30 Jul 2017, 17:12.
[comments] ctl
The noun is the second most important part of Cathilean morphology. They are declined for definiteness, case, number and possessives. Additionally, there are four declensions that imply how the nouns are conjugated. The order of the affixes is like this:
[Definite prefix] [Prepositional prefixes] [Adjectives] Noun stem [case/number] [possessive affix]
[top]The definite prefix
m- /əm/ if the word begins with p, b, bh or m
l- /əl/ if the word begins with l
r- /əɾ/ if the word begins with r, f, v, ð, þ, or ch
s- /əs/ if the word begins with s, z or c before front vowels
ng- /əŋ/ if the word begins with gh
n- /əŋ/ if the word begins with ng, g, q, or c before back vowels
n- /ən/ if the word begins with anything else
[top]Prepositional prefixes
Prepositions are prefixes that are attached before the noun. They have different meanings when they are attached to different cases, and they can also be attached to verbs to imply spacial adverbials. If the word they are attached to begins in a vowel, insert a <h> between them.
| Locative | Allative | Ablative | Temporal | Verb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | in, on, at | to | from | on, at | - |
| ma- | inside | into, to the inside of | in from | while | in, inwards |
| raio- | outside | out to | out from, from the inside of | not while | out, outwards |
| cai- | - | out and into | out from ..., and then into something else | - | out, and then into something else |
| sa- | in front of | to the front of | from the front of | after | forwards |
| pai- | behind | to the backside of | from the backside of | before | backwards |
| le- | on the right side of | to the right side of | from the right side of | - | towards right |
| u- | on the left side of | to the left side of | from the left side of | - | towards left |
| no- | over, above | to the overside of | from the overside of | - | up, upwards |
| oi- | under, below, beneath, underneath | to the underside of | from the underside of | - | down, downwards |
| cqueo- | near, by, around | towards | away from | near | around- |
| li- | far away from | away from | towards | a long time away from | away |
| omo- | between | towards being between | away from being between | between | through (the object is in the instrumental case) |
| co- | - | back to | back from | back from | back, again, re- |
[top]Declensions
There are four declensions in Cathilean. These er as following:
- The First Declension: The first declension is the most common, and is used for every noun that don't fall in under any of the following ones.
- The Second Declension: The second declension consists of all nouns that end in an <r> preceeded by a consonant.
- The Third Declension: The third declension consists of nouns that are derived from verbs using the -o suffix. All of the nouns in this declension are abstract, and therefore, they are not conjugated for plural.
- The Fourth Declension: The fourth declension consists of nouns that are derived from adjectives using the -u suffix. All of the nouns in this declension are also abstract, and therefore, they are not conjugated for plural.
[top]The 17 cases
Semantic cases
- Oblique - the content of an action, an object that doesn't change or take any consequences of the action, eg. "I see him"
- Agentive - the one that does something upon something/someone else, eg. "He sank the skip"
- Patientive - an object that does change or take consequences of the action, eg. The skip sank" or "I hurt you"
- Partitive - an object that due to the action either is added or built, or removed. Partitive can also be used to represent than in comparative clauses, eg. "I built the house" or "I'm taller than you"
- Effectuative - the one that (unconciously) initiate a chain of actions. Effectuative can also be used as a more indirect agentive, eg. "I [kicked the ball and thereby] broke the window" or "He made you see me"
- Affective - the one that experiences the action, or expresses their own feelings, eg. "I see you" or "I love mushrooms
- Instrumentive - the object you use to do the action, eg. "I broke the window with the ball"
- Causative - an uncontrolable force that does something, or the reason why something is done, eg. "The wind opened the door" or "The door opened because of the wind"
- Dative - the new owner of something, or the direct recipient of an action, eg. "I gave him the pen"
- Benefactive - the one the action is done for, kind of like an indirect recipient, eg. "I baked the cake for him [but not (necessarily) to him]"
Locational cases
- Locative - the location of the action, eg "I jump on my roof"
- Allative - the goal of the action, eg "We drove to France"
- Ablative - the origin/beginning of the action, eg. We drove from France"
Situational cases
- Temporal - the time of the action, eg "I will jump at midnight"
Comparative cases
- Equative - when something is like something, eg. "I'm flying like a bird"
Other cases
- Genitive - used to describe when someone is owning something, eg. "John's car"
- Vocative - used when you are adressing someone, eg. "Hey, Mark!"
[top]Case endings
| 1st declension | 2nd declension | 3rd declension | 4th declension | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Singular | |
| Oblique | -Ø | -aegh | -r | -ighr | -o | -u |
| Agentive | -inn | -aeghinn | -innr | -en | -aoinn | -unn |
| Patientive | -ier | -iaegh | -ear | -iaeghr | -uo | -iu |
| Partitive | -us | -ies | -ur | -ier | -os | -us |
| Effectuative | -on | -onigh | -ron | -ronigh | -on | -iuon |
| Affective | -ar | -airimh | -ighear | -imhr | -oir | -iuar |
| Instrumentive | -a | -æ | -ar | -ær | -oi | -ua |
| Causative | -(a)t | -aight | -eal | -aeghl | -oegh | -ugh |
| Dative | -ir | -irimh | -ir | -irimh | -aoir | -ur |
| Benefactive | -aoele | -olaegh | -aðe | -aðigh | -aoele | -ubhaoele |
| Locative | -(e)þ | -aeghþ | -aþra | -aþrigh | -oþ | -uþ |
| Allative | -uor* | -uore* | -tor | -torigh | -ogheor | -uor |
| Ablative | -anto** | -entu** | -va | -vaigh | -onto | -unto |
| Temporal | -umh | -umigh | -ro | -roegh | -omh | -umh |
| Equative | -(g)u*** | -(g)oaegh*** | -agu | -agoaegh | -ogu | -ugu |
| Genitive | -e | -aeghe | -re | -aeghre | -u | -i |
| Vocative | -iùn | -aghiùn | -iùr | -aghiùr | -aoìn | -iùn |
*Replace the <u> with <e> if the word ends in <gh>
**Drop the two first letters of the affix if the word ends in <n>
***Use <g> if the word ends in a vowel. Remeber, the <g> can be lenited
[top]Possession affixes
Possession with pronouns is expressed through affixes at the end of the word. If the word ends in a vowel or a lenited consonant which still is lenited after implying the rules of lenition, add <nn> to the beginning ofthe affix.
| SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | |
|---|---|---|
| 1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I | -emh | -ibh |
| 2Second person (person) addressee (you) | -yþ | -oc |
| 3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee | -as | -ar |
| 5Fifth person (person) indefinite or generic; one, "they" say that | ||
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