Mezhat Auxiliary Verbs
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 1 Apr 2015, 05:46.
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3. Mezhat's Pronouns
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Mezhat makes use of both auxiliary verbs and of serial verb constructions. The class of proper auxiliary verbs is relatively small,
| word | meaning | non-auxiliary meaning |
|---|---|---|
| fwĕ | PROGProgressive (aspect) be verb-ing aspect | go |
| gär | be about to | come |
| tşod | know how to | know (about) |
| esle | can, be able to | N/A |
| gajd | should, be supposed to | N/A |
| käsne | must, have to, need to | need |
| tom | down | fall |
| njöl | up | rise |
... with other comparable constructions being handled mostly by serial verbs or affixes. In auxiliary constructions, the lexical verb is unmarked; it is in the "stem" form, which is otherwise used exclusively for imperative statements. Esle in particular also has a suppletive negative form, ga, which behaves as a particle and patterns with the negative markers.
Examples
Gajdad ĕmaraktşĕ mralju!
gajd-ad
should-2Second person (person)
addressee (you) ĕmaraktşĕ
dance mra-lju
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-COMComitative (case)
'together with'
You should dance with me!
Esläş aoɓ gjegjestö.
esl-äş
can-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human aoɓ
sing gje-gjest-ö
very-good-ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'
They can sing really well.
Ga fwolhĕ lüsnjö keoli.
ga
can.NEGNegative (polarity)
not fw-ol-hĕ
go-1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person)
we (exclusive)-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech lüs-njö
day-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc keol-i
next-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile
We won't be able to go tomorrow.
Tşodĕm tsag laafym!
tşod-ĕm
know.how-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I tsag
fight laaf-ym
sword-INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'
I know how to fight with a sword!
Tom dwiss jilär!
tom
down dwiss
see j-i-lär
that-INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-LATLative (case)
movement, towards
Look down there!
Käsnef tsat rarananad mras lu?
käsn-ef
must-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving tsat
scratch/bite rarana-n-ad
cat-EEpenthetic
something 'meaningless' inserted for structural reasons-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned mra-s
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient lu
QInterrogative
question
Does your cat need to scratch me?
Ty sařo fwaş gajd ötsej Isengädwär.
ty
NEGNegative (polarity)
not sař-o
current-ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly' fw-aş
PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human gajd
should ötsej
journey Isengäd-wär
Isengard-LATLative (case)
movement, towards
They shouldn't be journeying to Isengard right now.
In general, Mezhat's serial verbs form vaguely logical phrases, i.e.
Näkime kajad tomyř! Uşot.
näk-i-me
hit-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I kaj-ad
basket-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned tom-yř!
fall-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile! uşot.
forgive.IMPImperative (mood)
command.
I knocked over your basket! Sorry.
Very, very literally: "I hit your basket it fall! Forgive."
Näkime kajad tomĕm! Kri.
näk-i-me
hit-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I kaj-ad
basket-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned tom-ĕm!
fall-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I! kri.
jerk.
I tripped over your basket! Jerk.
Very, very literally: "I hit your basket I fall! Trash."
The two (or possibly more) verbs often disagree in subject, with those given subjects being quite important. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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