Tiekune Otendi
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Tyekoon Verbs
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1. Tiekune Otendi
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Tyekoon is an agglutinating language that can encode for polarity, person, tense, opinion, mood, intensity, and potentiality on its verbs. Verbs make use of a template with specific slots for each affix. Several affixes have allomorphs dependent on the phonetic environment within the verbal complex. The complex's structure is:| QInterrogative question | Stem | INTSIntensive | DUBDubitative mood (mood) expresses doubt | LAULaudative opposite of pejorative, also called approbative PEJPejorative dislike, contempt, despicable version of [noun] | NEGNegative (polarity) not | POTPotential (mood) likely events, ability | ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient Direct object | NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument Subject | PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech PRESPresent tense (tense) current FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech |
| pe | Stem | di/ri | de/re | b(u)/v(u) g(a)/w(a) | s | m(o) | ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient Direct object | NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument Subject | s n x |
Each of these elements will be explained further in the following sections of the article.
Before diving into the verbal complex in form, it is imperative to look at lenition and allophony and how they operate within Tyekoon. The voiced obstruents /b d/ shift to /v ɾ/ when intervocalic. /g/ appears as /j/ or /w/ when intervocalic before front vowels or back vowels, respectively.
Unsurprisingly, the interrogative affix creates a question out of the verbal complex. This affix is mandatory in questions that use interrogative adverbs but not pronouns; this means questions of when and where require the initial pe-, while who/what/which do not.
- Petitas?
pe
QInterrogative
question ti
speak ta
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Did you speak?
The intensive adds emphasis or intensity to the semantic meaning within the verbal complex. It can also indicate frequency, akin to English "often" or "a lot", or a telic meaning, such as the difference between "eat" and "eat up, finish". It has the allomorph ri when intervocalic. Independently it does not carry any connotation (positive or negative) but can somewhat increase the connotation of a verb stem that carries its own.
- Agdienes.
ag
eat di
INTSIntensive en
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
She ate it all up.
Sariun.
sa
know ri
INTSIntensive u
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
I verily know.
The dubitative adds doubt to a verbal complex, and has a slight negative connotation. It has the allomorph re when intervocalic.
- Oreix.
o
go re
DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt i
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument x
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
Supposedly they'll go.
Nihe axdees.
nih
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee ax
horse de
DUBDubitative mood (mood)
expresses doubt e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Apparently she had a horse.
The opinion slot allows for either a laudative or pejorative marker; the laudative being positive and the pejorative being negative. The laudative, b(u) has the allomorph vu when intervocalic. It loses the u if the following affix begins with a vowel. The pejorative behaves similarly; ga becomes wa when intervocalic, and ditches the a when a vowel would follow. The pejorative demonstrates the phonemicization of /w/ as this allows /w/ to appear before front vowels, as it originated as an allophone of intervocalic /g/ before back vowels.
- Havuttas.
ha
see v
LAULaudative
opposite of pejorative, also called approbative uh
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ta
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Thankfully you saw me.
Peagdiweis?!
pe
QInterrogative
question ag
eat di
INTSIntensive w
PEJPejorative
dislike, contempt, despicable version of [noun] e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient i
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
They fucking ate it all?!
While Tyekoon does not have a formal T/V distinction in pronouns akin to French or Spanish, there is a trend for statements with respectful intentions to include the laudative marker, regardless of the speaker's actual sentiments.
- Oevadbutax.
oevad
guest bu
LAULaudative
opposite of pejorative, also called approbative ta
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) x
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
You are our honored guest.
Unmarked verbal complexes are by default positive; the affix s indicates negativity.
- Hasuttas.
ha
see s
NEGNegative (polarity)
not uh
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ta
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
You didn't see me.
Nikku bariwasen.
nih
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has ku
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive) bari
dog wa
PEJPejorative
dislike, contempt, despicable version of [noun] s
NEGNegative (polarity)
not e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
We unfortunately don't have a dog.
Sarisun.
sa
know ri
INTSIntensive s
NEGNegative (polarity)
not u
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
I really don't know.
The affix m(o) encodes for potentiality. Like the opinion affixes, it loses its vowel when followed by another affix that begins with one.
- Baregsmetan.
bareg
bite s
NEGNegative (polarity)
not m
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ta
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
You can't bite it.
Tendimokun!
ten
do di
INTSIntensive mo
POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability ku
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Yes we can!
Direct objects in the form of accusative affixes can be embedded in the verb complex. Only one is permitted per complex. Some affixes have allomorphs or cause gemination, noted in the table below:
| Person | Affix | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I | uh | h is elided when immediately before a stop and causes gemination of said stop |
| 2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you) | at | |
| 3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee | e(n) | The allomorph en surfaces only if three vowels would occur in a row |
| 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | uk | |
| 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | ak | |
| 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | i(n) | The allomorph in surfaces only if three vowels would occur in a row |
- Barepuhes.
barep
hug uh
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
She hugged me.
Saenin.
sa
know en
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient i
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
They know it.
Sahemukix.
sahem
name uk
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient i
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument x
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
They'll name us.
The subject affixes are the second-to-last portion of the verbal complex. They do not display allomorphs with the exception of e, which lowers to /a/ when followed by /x/. This is indicated in orthography.
| Person | Affix |
|---|---|
| 1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I | u |
| 2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you) | ta |
| 3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee | e |
| 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive) | ku |
| 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural) | ka |
| 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them | i |
- Ous.
o
go u
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument s
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
I went.
Petien?
pe
QInterrogative
question ti
speak e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument n
PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Is he speaking?
Ayeax.
ag
eat e
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient a
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument x
FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
She'll eat it.
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