Grammar of pesno
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 16 Feb 2021, 02:30.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Morphologie:
Verb
Verb conjugates to tense, aspect and person.
The gerund of a verb is formed by
Verb root -ius/jus if the verb root end with consonants.
A verb’s infinitive form is verb root -tet.
In the following chart -suffix is added on the verb root.
Weak:
Past perfective Past habitual Past progressive
First person -te -ne gerund(n)os recste
Second person -ta -na gerund(n)os recsta
Third person -to -no gerund(n)os recsto
(Plural -dó -nóc gerund(n)os recstoc)
Present perfective Present habitual Present progressive Present perfect
First person -vu -gu gerund(n)os recsvu -drus
Second person -vea -ga gerund(n)os recsvoi -dras
Third person -vi -gi gerund(n)os recsvi -dris
Future perfective Future habitual Present progressive Imperative Optative
First person -Ø/ V.tet asrovu V.tet nendu gerund(n)os recs /-Ø -Ø -vicv(i)
Second person -Ø/ V.tet asrovea V.tet nendea gerund(n)os recs /-Ø -Ø -vicv(i)
Third person -Ø/ V.tet asrovi V.tet nendi gerund(n)os recs/-Ø \ -vicv(i)
Plura suffix -(c)gue
Passive: gerund(no) distet genitive/ v-tet distet
Strong
Some words experience vowel change when they take declensions, are in imperative and are forming compound words.
a—>e n—>m
ac—>ec j—>g
o/ó—>u
oc/óc—>uc
eh/e—>i
ea—>ac
i—>ae/ä
Past perfective Past habitual Past progressive
First person -te -ne gerund(n)os recste
Plural -de -nec gerund(n)os recste
Second person -ta -na gerund(n)os recsta
Plural -da -nac gerund(n)os recstac
Third person -to -no gerund(n)os recsto
Plural -dó -nóc gerund(n)os recstóc
Present perfective Present habitual Present progressive present perfect
First person -vu -gu gerund(n)os recsvu -drus
Plural -bu -guc gerund(n)os recbu -drucs
Second person -vea -ga gerund(n)os recsvoi -dras
Plural -bea -gac gerund(n)os recsboi -dracs
Third person -vi -gi gerund(n)os recsvi -dris
Plural -bi -gic gerund(n)os recsbi -drics
Future perfective Future habitual future progressive Imperative Optative
First person -Ø/ V.tet asrovu V.tet nendu gerund(n)os recs /-Ø -Ø -vicvi
Plural * * gerund(n)os recsgue /-Ø -gue -vicgue/vicbi
Second person -Ø/ V.tet asrovea V.tet nendea gerund(n)os recs /-Ø -Ø -vicva
Plural * * gerund(n)os recsgue /-Ø -gue -vicba
Third person -Ø/ V.tet asrovi V.tet nendi gerund(n)os recs/-Ø \ -vicvi
Plural * * gerund(n)os recsgue /-Ø -gue -vicbi
* Apply the present conjugation table to their respective auxiliary verb and call it a day.
Certain verbs adopt strong conjugation but doesn’t change vowel. There are only three: vätet oagtet (and their variations)
The link verb gautet become su- when conjugating to tense but stay same when in gerund form.
Passive: V.-recn-... genitive / V.-tet -distet/ gerund(no) distet genitive
N.-dan/den/diz ->v :make... N. Meaning adj. people/things, can be both seen as plural or singular.
There are two negation adverb for verbs: vä, väbacz. The latter contains a more assertive and grand tone.
Noun
The nouns decline to grammatical cases.
English preposition equivalents in general
Nominative -Ø Subject
Accusative -(n)o Object, at ... time
Genitive - ä ‘s
(if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Dative -(n)u to, for, as for, when the predicative encodes emotion, sensation, weather etc.
Locative -(n)os in, on
Ablative stón from,
Illative/Causative sre to,into, leading to,
Instrumental -vue with, under,
Omit the part in parentheses when they are after consonant ending.
Diminutive: -itum if the root word ends with vowel, delete the vowel and add -itum.
Adj/v.+si —> n.
Adj+n—>Adj. (the root must end with a,e,u,i)
n./v.+grecn(a)—> a job if the root word is more than one syllable, gren. Otherwise, grena
Pronoun
Nom Acc Gen Dat Loc Abl All/Cau Ins
First person tä ti tät tis tänos täston täsre to
Second person lene line linet lenes lenos leston lensre lone
Third person kuem kuim kuimt kuims kuemos kuemon kuemsre kueme
Reflective taepi tipi taepit tipis taenos taeton taetsre topi
Each kaclo kiclo kaclot kaclos kalos kaclon kacsre kal(i)
This gi gi git gis ginos giston gisre givue
That tre tri trit tris trenos treston tresre trevue
Yonder gó gó gót gós gónos góston gósre góvue
Adjective pón can be used to specify plurality.
In a formal setting, adding respective reflective after the pronoun or noun is another way to specify plurality. In that case, case marking only shows on the reflective and the pronoun or noun takes nominative case.
When talking to a person older or of higher social status, it’s impolite to use tä, but instead gi is used(verbs take third person conjugation). This usage grew out fashion after Pesno is established and finally died out around EP(after Pesno) 100-164 during which Métics-Petrus reform took place, which took a hit on traditional family system that had already been fading out among general public.
Slaves when adressing themselves to their masters uses “ that”(verb take third person conjugation).
Adjective
Adjectives decline to grammatical case
Weak adjective
Nominative -ac (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Accusative -Ø
Genitive -uis (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Dative -ec (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Locative -(n)os
Ablative -icm (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Illative/Causative -icm (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Instrumental -(u)s
Omit the part in parentheses when they are after consonant ending.
A majority of adjectives and adverbs take the same form.
n.+ucz->adj. (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
v.+est->adj. (if the root ends with open syllable delete the vowel or diphthong)
Strong adjective
Besides adding suffix, strong adjectives experience vowel and consonant changes in some cases.
Nominative no change
Accusative no change
Genitive change
Dative change
Locative change
Ablative change
Illative/Causative change
Instrumental -Ø no change
The vowel and consonant change is as follows:
a—>e n—>m
ac—>ec j—>g
i/ic—>ae
e/eh—>i
o/ó—>u(s) (s is added only when it’s at the end of the word)
Adverb
When modifying strong verb, add n if the adverb ends with e/eh/ec/i/ae/ue.
Otherwise they are unmarked.
Compound words:
N.-adj. ->n. The adjective modifies the noun
N.-n. ->n. The former noun modifies the latter.
N.-v./adj. ->adj. The noun act as the subject of the verb. The noun modified by it is the subject.
V. -adj./n ->v. The adjective/noun act as the complementary of the object of the compound word.
Determiners
They are optional but they take declensions
Nom Acc Gen Ins Loc Else
-Ø -ricm -rum -vue -os -rius
Syntax
Word oder:
The primary oder is SOV. Pro-drop is allowed.
Determiners go before nouns, modifiers go after nouns.
Adverbs modifying the sentence can be placed in almost all positions.
Adverbs modifying noun, adjective, adposition go after them.
Adverbs modifying verb go before them.
Gerunds can take both noun declensions and objects. The word order is
Subject Object Verb Object Gerund/ Subject Object Object Gerund Verb
The VSO puts emphasis on the verb. It is also used without a conjunction to suggest a conditional adverbial clause or temporal adverbial clause that suggests close time of verb in literature and formal setting. It should also be used in imperative sentences.
The SVO can be used as a reason clause without a conjunction, specially suggesting the reason is a well-known or established fact and also used in any subordinate clause.
With regard to modification of noun the word order is:
Dem ordinal number noun cardinal number adjective genitive
Long temporal and locative adverbial (over 3 words, 3 words included) goes before the other part of the sentence, short ones go before the verb.
Pronunciation:
Stress is on penult. If that stresses a Schwa, move the stress to the syllable before it (antepenult), if there’s no syllable before it, move it to the next syllable(last). If the penultimate syllable doesn’t have onset, move it to the syllable after it (last). The stressed vowel is slightly longer.
The vowel preceding c is elongated and stressed.
If more than one syllable is elongated but none of which is penultimate, the one closest to penultimate syllable is elongated. If that still doesn’t settle the problem, the one preceding penultimate syllable is prior to the one following in case of stress.
Question:
Läncé marked with proper postposition and case ending works as question word.
Goum is added as an auxiliary verb to form a general question.
Clause
In subordinating clauses word order VSO is used.
Relative clause
Gapping strategy is often used. Relative pronouns take the case endings according to the subordinating clause. One example is kuem.
Content clause
In declarative noun clause(and apposition clause), no extra word is needed but comma should be added.
For clarification, before apposition clause gi can be added and before declarative noun clause gó or tre can be added.
As for interrogative noun clause, just simply make it a relative clause by adding a noun.
Comparative and superlative
Comparative is formed by adding prefix whue(more) and zeh(less) to the adjective or adverb, and with genitive case of the compared thing or conjunction le.
He more interesting his brother’s is.
He more interesting is than his brother is .
She a book interesting her wife’s more has.
She a book more interesting has than her wife does.
Some adjectives or adverbs have irregular form.
Superlative is formed by using the adverb äctê or nev(often suggest a joyful tone) and inclusively use gentive case.
He most interestingly his brother’s talk.
He most interesting talk than his brother does.
Adverbs is identical as such.
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