Nouns
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Overview of noun categories, declensions, and word-formation
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Nov 2023, 11:36.
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1. Adjectives
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3. Grammar Overview
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6. Prepositions
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8. Verb Conjugations
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Layorov nouns possess categories of number, case and gender.
Number and case are inflectable features, marked by specific endings.
Gender isn't inflected but can be marked by accompanying verbs, pronouns, and adjectives, or directly by word-formation.
Most nouns have three numbers: singular (rovu rovu man), dual (rovuu (two) men), and plural (rovug (many) men).
Layorov nouns have seven inflected cases.
| Nominative | subject | šimwis šimwis sun |
| Accusative | object | šimwisiň šimwisiň (see) sun |
| Genitive | possessive, attribute | šimwise šimwise (of) sun |
| Dative | indirect object, purpose | šimwišii šimwišii (for) sun |
| Locative | location, destination | šimwišiŋ šimwišiŋ (to) sun |
| Instrumental | means of an action | šimwisüg šimwisüg (by) sun |
| Comitative | accompaniment | šimwisü šimwisü (with) sun |
Layorov nouns belong to either animate or inanimate gender. Animate gender futher have subcategories of neuter, masculine and feminine if applicable.
Animate nouns include people, animals, or term directly connected to either (parts of body, specific roles, and so on).
Inanimate nouns include abstract terms, natural events, plants, objects.
Subcategories of animate nouns can be derived from default forms by means derived from vowel harmony.
Masculine nouns are formed by applying back-rounded and feminine by back-unrounded (šüwwö, suwwo, sïwwë šüwwö, suwwo, sïwwë cattle, bull, cow) harmony to their lemma forms.
Noun phrase in Layorov consists of a noun and zero or more of following dependents:
- Article
- Determiners
- Attributive adjectives or adjectival phrases (including adjectival participles)
- Attributive nouns or noun phrases (including gerunds)
- Prepositional phrases
- Adverbs or adverbial phrases
- Relative clauses
All of the dependents with exception of articles, demonstrative and numeral determiners are generally positioned after the head noun.
(the) his new book lying on a windowsill
wï žaŋkë guunto jizlerö unzuŋ jë zmelüjeziŋ
Nouns in Layorov may be complemented with a definite or negative article.
Article forms are differ by a noun's gender.
| Gender | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Inanimate | |
| Definite | wï wï | wo wo | wë wë | wï wï |
| Negative | ||||
Layorov nouns have 4 declension patterns.
| First Declension (Words ending with -s, -š, -z, -ž) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-syllable words | Single-syllable words | |||||||
| Case | ||||||||
| NOM | loonguš | loonguša | loongušuc | ŋaz | ŋazaa | ŋežü | ||
| ACC | loongušun | loongušoon | loongucun | ŋaznï | ŋazëën | ŋežün | ||
| GEN | loongušo | loonguša | loongucu | ŋaza | ŋazaa | ŋežü | ||
| DAT | loongušuu | loongušaa | loongucuu | ŋežii | ŋazaa | ŋežüü | ||
| LOC | loongušuŋ | loongušaaŋ | loongucuŋ | ŋežiŋ | ŋazaaŋ | ŋežüŋ | ||
| INS | loongušug | loongušoog | loongucu | ŋazïg | ŋazëëg | ŋežüü | ||
| COM | loongušu | loongušo | loongucu | ŋazï | ŋazëë | ŋežü | ||
| Second Declension (Words ending with a consonant other than -s, -š, -z, -ž) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-syllable words | Single-syllable words | |||||||
| Case | ||||||||
| NOM | laaj | laajas | laajac | liw | liwsa | liwcü | ||
| ACC | laajan | laajsën | laajcïn | liwňü | liwsen | liwčün | ||
| GEN | laajtë | laajsa | laajca | liwa | liwsa | liwca | ||
| DAT | leejii | laajsaa | laajcïï | liwii | liwsaa | liwčii | ||
| LOC | leejiŋ | laajsaŋ | laajcïŋ | liwiŋ | liwsaŋ | liwčiŋ | ||
| INS | laajag | laajsë | laajcï | liwgü | liwsee | liwčüü | ||
| COM | laajkï | laajsë | laajcï | liwkü | liwse | liwčü | ||
| Third Declension (Words ending with a short vowel) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-syllable words | Single-syllable words | |||||||
| Case | ||||||||
| NOM | waxla | waxlaa | waxlag | pü | püü | püg | ||
| ACC | waxlën | waxlaakïn | waxlagën | püňü | püükin | pügön | ||
| GEN | waxlë | waxlaakë | waxlaga | patë | püüke | püga | ||
| DAT | waxlïï | waxlaakïï | waxlagïï | pii | püükii | pügii | ||
| LOC | waxlïŋ | waxlaakïŋ | waxlagïŋ | piŋ | püükiŋ | pügiŋ | ||
| INS | waxlëë | waxlaakï | waxlagï | püü | püükü | pügü | ||
| COM | waxlë | waxlaakï | waxlagë | pükü | püükü | pügö | ||
| Fourth Declension (Words ending with a long vowel) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | |||
| NOM | kŋuu | kŋuus | kŋuug |
| ACC | kŋuun | kŋuuson | kŋuugon |
| GEN | kŋuuto | kŋuusa | kŋuuga |
| DAT | kŋuuj | kŋuusaa | kŋuuguu |
| LOC | waxlïŋ | waxlaakïŋ | waxlagïŋ |
| INS | kŋuuŋ | kŋuusaŋ | kŋuuguŋ |
| COM | kŋuug | kŋuuso | kŋuugu |
Notes:
C is a terminal consonant;
Č is a mutated terminal consonant (first declension) or variant č/c (second declension);
Ň is either n or ň depending on backness harmony of a stem;
V is an ultimate vowel of a stem;
I, Ï, U, E, O are vowels that determined by harmony quality of a stem;
a denotes forms where stem mutation occurs;
b denotes forms where terminal consonant mutation occurs (C → Č);
c denotes forms where ending changes depending if terminal consonant is -s/-š, or -z/-ž.
d denotes forms where nasal assimilation occurs (C → Ň for ACC in second declension, otherwise controlled by the position of first consonant of ending affix)
e denotes forms where ending changes depending if terminal consonant is nasal or not.
f denotes forms where ending changes depending if terminal vowel is -a or not.
| Mutations and Variations | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound Mutation | Stem Mutation | ||||||||||||||
| C | Stem Harmony | C | Stem Harmony | -aC | Stem Harmony | ||||||||||
| F | BU | BR | F | BU | BR | F | BU | BR | |||||||
| Č | Ï | -as | |||||||||||||
| -aš | |||||||||||||||
| I | -az | ||||||||||||||
| U | -až | ||||||||||||||
| E | -aC | ||||||||||||||
| Ň | O | -a | |||||||||||||
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