Periphery Verbs: view article

Auxilliary terms serve various functions, including evidentials, interrogative, and imperative. They occur before the verb or before the phrase they apply to. The evidentials are used to state the speaker's relation to the truth of the statement being made. It is left empty when no evidential explanation is wanted. There are four evidentials—one for direct, firsthand evidence, and three for indirect evidence. These are called Witness (WITWitness (evidential)
speaker witnessed action), Inferential (INFRInferential (mood/evidential)
reports or infers without confirming), Hearsay (HSYHearsay evidential (evidential)
'I have heard that...'), and Assumptive (ASSAssumptive (mood/evid)
assumed truth).

Auxilliary	Gloss	Word	Notes
Witness	WITWitness (evidential) speaker witnessed action	kmii	Evidential: Direct firsthand knowledge, experience, perception. In past tense might be like "I remember that...". In future tense it is more like "I expect that..." or "I expect to experience...". In present tense it is more like "I am experiencing..."
Inferential	INFRInferential (mood/evidential) reports or infers without confirming	dle	Evidential: Indirect evidence. It seems that..., it appears that..., obviously..., it must be that..., I infer that..., I conclude that..., etc. It can also be used to indicate a conjecture; "I wonder..."
Assumptive	ASSAssumptive (mood/evid) assumed truth	ska	Evidential: Indirect evidence. suppose without proof, presume, hypothesize, postulate, guess, believe, speculate, opine, In my opinion..., etc.
Hearsay	HSYHearsay evidential (evidential) 'I have heard that...'	xsae	Evidential: Indirect evidence, secondhand or more; quotative, reportative. allegedly..., reportedly..., it is said that..., etc
Interrogative	INTERRInterrogative mood (mood) asks questions	waa	Mood: Question
Imperative	IMPImperative (mood) command	zgii	Mood: Command

[edit] [top]Tense

Tense suffixes are added after the verb stem. Present tense is unmarked.

Tense	Gloss	Suffix	Notes
Remote Past	REMRemote past (tense) 'a long time ago'	qxo	Before "awakening of people", or before world creation; or more vaguely "mythical time long ago"
Past	PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	taa	Past tense
Present	PRESPresent tense (tense) current	Ø	Present tense
Future	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	lii, li, le	Future tense
Gnomic	GNOGnomic (aspect/mood) common, timeless truths	nro	Gnomic tense, for "timeless truths"

[edit] [top]Aspect

Aspect suffixes are added after the tense. Simple aspect is unmarked.

Aspect	Gloss	Suffix	Notes
Simple	SMPLSimple (class) a simple form (cf. compound form, eg. phrasal verb)	Ø	Simple: basic action of the verb (null form)
Inceptive	INCEPInceptive (aspect) beginning of an action	bi, bii	Inceptive: beginning of an action/state
Cessative	CESCessative (aspect) exiting/ending a state	fi, fii	Cessative: ending/exiting an action/state
Continuous	CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action	gwo	Continuous: actions that are continuous/durational
Perfective	PFVPerfective (aspect) completed action	mlo	Perfective: completed actions

[edit] [top]Mood

Mood suffixes are added after the aspect. Declarative mood is unmarked.

Mood	Gloss	Suffix	Notes
Declarative	DECLDeclarative (mood) a common realis mood	Ø	Declarative: simple realis mood
Abilitative	ABILAbilitative (mood) expresses ability	ruu	Abilitative: Can, able to, could, may, capable of, etc.
Necessitative	NCSSNecessitative mood (mood) must, have to	muu	Necessitative: must, have to
Suggestive	SUGGSuggestive mood (mood) suggestion, 'should', 'ought'	vae	Suggestive: should, ought, suggestion, hortative, "let's..."
Optative	OPTOptative (mood) 'wish, hope'	tse, tsi, tswii	Optative: wish, hope, desire
Subjunctive	SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood) desired or possible events	jo	Subjunctive: desired/possible events

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