(Pro)nominal Cases
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Overview of noun cases in Arakene
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Apr 2024, 13:04.
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1. (Pro)nominal Cases
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2. Number on nouns
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Arakene has 28 noun cases in total, divided over three categories: functional, locative, and temporal. Every case is marked by a single suffix. This suffix does not mark for number, but is instead placed after the number marking on the noun. Noun cases and pronominal cases are identical; all the following cases can be added to nouns, proper nouns, pronouns, and names.
Functional
| Form | Name | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -Ø | Nominative | Subjects and predicative nominals | Si, 'I' |
| -my | Vocative | When addressing someone by something other than a name | Ni-my, 'you there!' |
| -he | Semblative | Like X | Sihe, 'like me' |
| -(y)d | Accusative | Direct objects | Sid, 'me' |
| -min | Dative | Direct object, recipient | Simin, 'to me' |
| -sa | Genetive | Possession | Sisa, 'my/mine' |
| -ku | Comitative | Accompanying | Siku, 'with me' |
| -kad | Instrumental | Using X | Sikad, 'using me/with my help' |
| -in | Causative | Cause, reason | Sín, 'because of me' |
| -tu | Circumlative | Topic | Situ, 'about me' |
| -al | Causal-final | Goal, benifectary | Sial, 'for me/for my sake' |
Notes: The vocative is never used for personal names, only for titles, denominations, etc. For example, if one had a sibling named Nánje, addressing them as 'Nánje-my' would be incorrect, but 'ejỵnwi-my' ('sibling') would be correct.
Locative
| Form | Name | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -koi | Locative | Location at or on | Kájmkoi, 'in the house' |
| -á | Inessive | Location inside/without | Kajmá, 'inside the house (i.e. inside the walls)' |
| -vik | Antessive | In front | Kájmvik, 'in front of the house' |
| -ji | Postessive | Behind | Kájmji, 'behind the house' |
| -nir | Supraessive | Above | Kájmnir, 'above/on top of the house' |
| -y | Subessive | Under | Kájmy, 'Under the house' |
| -tèr | Circumessive | Around/attached to | Kájmtèr, 'on/around the house' |
| -qar | Apudessive | Proximity | Kájmqar, 'next to the house' |
| -oq | Intrative | Between/among | Kájmseoq, 'among the houses' |
| -wo | Allative | Towards | Kájmwo, 'to the house' |
| -ag | Perlative | Across/through | Kájmag, 'through the house' |
| -ta | Ablative | Away from | Kájmta, 'from the house' |
Notes: The intrative can only be added to plural nouns and pronouns. Pronouns in the intrative case can be used as reflexive pronouns.
The final three of these cases indicate movement, the others a static location. To express movement to a specific location, a stative case is added to the noun, followed by the word kih or to (both meaning 'there') with a motion case.
Ex. Kájmwo, 'to the house'
Kájmkoi kihwo, 'into the house' (litt 'in the house to there')
| Form | Name | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -i | Temporal | At a certain time | Annáti, 'in the year' |
| -gyt | Durative | Duration | Annátgyt, 'for a year/a year long' |
| -lèg | Temporal Antessive | Before | Annátlèg, 'before the year' |
| -do | Temporal Postessive | After | Annátdo, 'after the year' |
Notes: The perlative case also has a temporal use, translating to 'throughout' or 'during'. Whereas the temporal refers to an event within a certain time, the perlative has connotations of simultaneity and duration.
Most words cannot be inflected with both locative and temporal cases, since few words refer to both a place and a time.
Usually, these suffixes are added directly to the noun. In the case of foreign words or names, a dash is placed between the two. A vocative is always added with a dash. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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