Sound changes from Proto-Bantu
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much change happened
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 27 Sep 2016, 06:13.
[comments] sound changeshistoricalbantujdunounsnoun classesverbsconjugationdeclensionaspecttensemoodgrammarphonology
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
I'm using mainly Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Luganda, with Luwanga, Lunyole and Lubukusu, to determine what sound changes for Great Lakes Bantu might have looked like. I'm also using Kiswahili and Gikuyu in combination with the previous sources to identify what common sound changes applied to Northeast Bantu.
Given that there are probably about 50+ languages in Northeast Bantu and about 30+ languages in Great Lakes Bantu, I'm not expecting to have a perfect picture of went on (Bantu historical linguistics is still in progression, being a young field of study with very incomplete data). However, I will be able to use these sources in combination with one or two Proto-Bantu dictionaries to get a rough idea of what processes should happen in Jeddu.
I'm very excited to be working on a Bantu a posteriori language! I haven't seen any before- do PM me if you hear about any interesting languages I should look into, natural or constructed!
I will be using all changes which seem to apply to all Northeast Bantu languages, and will pick a few changes that applied to only some, or to all Great Lakes languages, using Lubukusu, Lunyole and Luwanga as most preferred models.
Then, I'll be adding some changes of my own to make the language resemble especially Amharic as well as Awngi, Gumuz, etc. phonology. I am personally most familiar with Amharic so likely most influence will come from that end.
Attested Bantu Changes:
ai > e (Lubukusu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Lunyole, Kiswahili)
j > Ø / V_a (mʊ-jánà, ba-jánà 1,2 > mu-ánà, ba-ána 'child') (seems to be pan-Northeast)
j > Ø / i_i (see: reflexes of 'eye') (seems to be pan-Northeast)
n > ŋ / _g (n-gòmà, n-gòmà 9,10 > ŋ-gòmà 'drum') (seems to be pan-Northeast)
Dahl's Law:
[-voiced -nasal +stop] > [+voiced] / (in word in syllable before another voiceless stop) (in Lubukusu, Luwanga, Lubukusu historically and Gikuyu, Kinyarwanda productively)
-ibʊ- passive verb extension becomes -u- (Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lubukusu)
-laa- > -naa- in future prefix (Lunyole na, also note Swahili ta, Kinyarwanda za)
l > r / V_V (Kinyarwanda, Lunyole)
d, g > z / _i (Kinyarwanda, Rutara languages)
t > tʃ / _u (Kinyarwanda, Luganda)
b > f / _u (Kinyarwanda)
p > f / _u (Kinyarwanda)
c > s / _i (Kinyarwanda, Luganda, Rutara languages)
c > ʃ / _a, _e, _ɩ (Kinyarwanda)
c > d / _o, _u, _ʊ (Lunyole)
d > r (Kinyarwanda, Rutara languages)
t > s / _i (Rutara languages)
uɩ > i (Kinyarwanda)
ɩ, ʊ > i, u (mʊ-ntʊ̀, ba-ntʊ̀ > mu-ntù, ba-ntù (in Kinyarwanda, at least ɩ/i in Swahili, seems to be the case in Luganda and Luwanga)
oi > o (Kiswahili)
ui > u (Luganda, Gikuyu)
ee > e (Lunyole, Kiswahili)
Novel Changes:
ue > o
nn > z
a > ǝ / C_C, C_# (this happened in Amharic more generally)
i, u > ɨ / not _# or after ɨ that just got changed (mɨ̀-ntù, bǝ̀-ntù 'person') (Amharic did this more generally)
o, e > i, u / not _# (restoring high vowels)
mb, nd, ŋg, mp, nt, ŋk > b:, d:, g: / #_ (since Amharic doesn't have them and I don't think Awngi etc. have them either)
ndʒ > dʒ
b, d, g > p', t', k' / when not N_ (for fun and since Amharic has them) NOTE:should this be ptk>p't'k'?
p' > p (for fun and since Amharic has very little p')
b:, d:, g: > b, d, g / not V_V (restore plain voiced stops which are in all the local languages)
TODO:what to do with remaining tʃ,dʒ
ŋ > n / #_ (to resemble Amharic)
ŋ > ɲ / V_V (to resemble Amharic)
ua > o (Amharic had aw > o)
ia > e (Amharic had aj > e)
aa > a (Amharic had something similar)
Cw > CC / unless #_ or C is a stop
k, k', g: > č, č', ǧ: / _i (second palatalization)
č' > ǧ / #_
mónǝ̀, pánǝ̀ 'child, children' 1,2 (mʊ̀-jánà, bà-jánà)
gùmǝ̀, gùmǝ̀ 'drum, drums' 9,10 (ǹ-gòmà, ǹ-gòmà)
mɨ̀ddù, pǝ̀ddù 'person, people' 1,2 (mʊ̀-ntʊ̀, bà-ntʊ̀)
kɨ̀tʃ'ì 'to be' (kʊ̀-dɩ̀):
1s ǹ-dɩ̀ > dʒì
1p tʊ̀-dɩ̀ > tɨ̀tʃ’ì
2s kʊ̀-dɩ̀ > kɨ̀tʃ’ì
2p mʊ̀-dɩ̀ > mɨ̀tʃ'ì
k'ɨ̀túmə̀ 'to send' (kʊ̀-tʊ́m-à):
1s ǹ-tʊ́m-à > dɨ́mə̀
1p tʊ̀-tʊ́m-à > t'ɨ̀túmə̀
2s kʊ̀-tʊ́m-à > k'ɨ̀túmə̀
2p mʊ̀-tʊ́m-à > mɨ̀túmə̀
kù-tʊ́m-ibʊ-à > k'ɨ̀túmò 'to be sent'
dɨ́mò, t'ɨ̀túmò, mɨ̀túmò
ǹ-tʊ́m-ile 'I sent'
dɨ́mìrì, t'ɨ̀túmɨ̀rì, k'ɨ̀túmɨ̀rì, mɨ̀túmɨ̀rì
ǹ-laa-tʊ́m-à 'I will send'
zàtɨ́mə̀, tɨ̀nàtɨ́mǝ̀, kɨ̀nàtɨ́mǝ̀, mɨ̀nàtɨ́mǝ̀
tʊ́m-à 'Send!'
tɨ́mǝ̀!
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