Pronouns
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An overview of pronoun declensions and usage
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 2 Jun 2019, 19:26.
[comments] parzilgrammarpronounspronoundeclensioncasepzi
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Pronouns in Parzil are a bit strange; they use both affixes and base morphing/fusion in tandem. There is a simple form, which can be either nominative or accusative, a base form, which indicates a case other than simple nominative or accusative, and affixes, which add genitive, instrumental, or dative cases. This is a relic of the proto-language's case system, which allowed genitive to be used as a compound case with accusative (a feature which is still present in some Draosav languages, such as Bulgrojma).
If a pronoun is simply in the nominative or the accusative, it uses the appropriate base form. They are as follows:
| Nominative Simple | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ma | Mi |
| 2 | Šix | Šxa |
| 3 | Ćara | Ćari |
| Accusative Simple | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Meu | Mił |
| 2 | Šxeu | Šxił |
| 3 | Ćeru | Ćarił |
If the pronoun is in a different case, it must use the compound form, the bases of which are as follows:
| Nominative Base | |
|---|---|
| 1 | Më |
| 2 | Šxë |
| 3 | Ćarë |
| Accusative Base | |
|---|---|
| 1 | Mił |
| 2 | Šxił |
| 3 | Ćrił |
The genitive, instrumental, and dative case markers are suffixed onto the base form. It is not entirely mix-and-match; the rules are:
- The Dative Case must only be used with the accusative base
- The Instrumental Case must only be used with the nominative base
- The Genitive Case may be used with either base; which is used depends on context
The affixes are:
| Singular Subject | Plural Subject | |
|---|---|---|
| Genitive (sg/pl) | 'it / 'ita | 'ist / 'ista |
| Instrumental | 'na | 'ni |
| Dative | 'vëj | 'vëj |
The genitive has two suffixes for each singular and plural subjects because the genitive is treated like an adjectival form, and therefore must agree in number with the noun it is possessing. The other cases only have one suffix for each singular and plural subjects because they do not agree with anything. Here are a few example sentences:
Më'it twáščina - my piano
Më'ita twáščini - my pianos
Më'ist twáščina - our piano
Më'ista twáščini - our pianos
Note, however, that if "my piano" were to be the object of a sentence, it would not be më'it twáščina but rather mił'it twáščinau. We must use the accusative base with the genitive when the noun being possessed is the object of a sentence; we use the nominative base when it is the subject. In this case, "object" means direct or indirect (accusative and dative, respectively).
Ma istum ver s-šxë'na - I want to be with you (sg)
Mi istumi ver s-šxë'ni - We want to be with you (pl)
Ćr šxił'vëj - This is for you (sg/pl)
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