Basu > Baso
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 20 Oct 2016, 19:29.
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2. Basu > Baso
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Velar Vowel Breaking
/ɛ e i ɔ o/ > /ɛu eu iu ɔu ou/ before velar /k ŋ/
Subsequent "nope"
/ɛu ɔu eu iu ou/ > /jɔ ɔ: jo ju o:/
1st Nasal Deletion
Before voiceless obstruents /p t k tʃ ɸ s ʃ h/, nasal consonants are deleted and leave nasalization in their wake.
Intervocalic Lenition
Certain consonants lenit between two vowels or between a vowel and a resonant.
In Southern dialects, /p t k/ > /b d g/, introducing [g].
In Northern dialects, /s ʃ/ > /z ʒ/, introducing [z ʒ].
Middle-Syllable Vowel Loss
Where they follow an open (CV-CCV) syllable on their left and are in light (CV) syllables, vowels are lost. Word-final syllables are unaffected.
In Southern dialects, the vowels lost are /e o ø ə/.
In Northern dialects, the vowels lost are /i u y ɨ/.
Stop Assimilation
New clusters assimilate in dialect-specific ways.
In all dialects, clusters assimilate to the second element's voicing.
In Southern dialects, clusters also assimilate to the first element's place of articulation.
Final Vowel Deletion
Where they follow an open syllable, final short vowels are deleted
In Southern dialects, the vowels lost are /e o ø ə/.
In Northern dialects, the vowels lost are /i u y ɨ/.
Short Vowel Centering
Easily-blocked short vowel shift: /ɛ e i/ > /a ə ɨ/. Blocked by an immediately following /j ʃ t d s n ɺ/ or /i y e ø ɛ œ/, blocked in final syllables, and blocked some of time (20%?) at random.
Southern Vowel Collapse
There are three steps to this:
1. Short /e o ø ɨ/ > /ɛ ɔ œ a/ when followed by a low vowel /ɛ ɔ œ a/ in the next syllable, when nasal, or when followed by a nasal consonant.
2. All short /e o ø ɨ/ > /i u y ə/
3. Long /e: o: ø: ɨ:/ > /ɛ: ɔ: œ: a:/ unless there is a high vowel /i u y ɨ/ in the next syllable, in which case they become /e: o: ø: ə:/.
Northern Vowel Rounding
Before an immediately following rounded vowel /o ø u y/, short /a > ɔ/ and /ə > o/.
Northern Vowel Collapse
1. /e: ø: o:/ become /i: y: u:/
2. /ɨ ɨ:/ becomes /y y:/ before an immediately following rounded vowel
/o ø u y/ or labial consonant /p b ɸ m/, and at the absolute end of a word. Elsewhere, /ɨ ɨ:/ > /i i:/.
3. /ə ə:/ > /ɛ ɛ:/, except when nasal or followed by a nasal consonant, in which case it becomes /a a:/
4. Loss of vowel length distinction.
Vowel Harmony
Tongue root harmony takes effect, spreading left to right. That means the first syllable in a word determines the harmony of the second syllable, and so on.
In Southern dialects, this results in two broad categories -ATR /ɛ ɔ œ a/ and +ATR /i u y ə/, with no neutral vowels.
In Northern dialects, this results in two broad categories -ATR /ɛ ɔ œ/ and +ATR /e ø o/, with /a i y u/ being neutral but opaque (/a/ causes -ATR reflexes and /i y u/ cause +ATR reflexes).
Loss of H
/h/ is deleted, leaving long vowels in coda.
Vowel clean-up
Before another vowel:
Front vowels /ɛ i/ become /j/.
Front rounded vowels /œ y/ become /ɥ/.
Back round vowels /ɔ u/ become /w/.
Identical vowels merge into one long vowel.
In Southern dialects, combinations involving initial center unrounded vowels /a ə/ become closing diphthongs /aɔ aɛ aœ əu əi əy/.
In Northern dialects, combinations involving initial /a/ merge into long vowels */aɔ aɛ aœ/ > /ɔ: ɛ: œ:/ and */au ai ay/ > /o: e: ø:/.
Deaffrication
/tʃ/ > /ʃ/ and /dʒ/ > /ʒ/.
/tʃ/ merges with /ʃ/ in all dialects.
In Southern dialects, deaffrication introduces /ʒ/.
In Northern dialects, /dʒ/ merges with [ʒ], previously an allophone of /ʃ/.
Yod clean-up
After the palatal consonants /ʃ ʒ/, /j/ is deleted.
Loss of consonant gemination
Geminate obstruents /p t k b d g ɸ s ʃ/ etc and glides /j w ɥ/ become plain. Geminate nasal resonants /mm nn ŋŋ/ remain.
In Southern dialects, this makes /g/ phonemic.
In Northern dialects, this makes /z/ phonemic.
Loss of final nasals
All coda nasal stops /m n ŋ/ are deleted, leaving compensatory nasalization in their wake.
Geminate nasal clusters remain untouched; gemination is now generalized as a realization of nasalization + a following nasal consonant.
2nd Pre-Velar Vowel Shift
Due to previous changes, vowels before /k ŋ/ should still be limited to /œ ɔ y u/ or non-Southern equivalents. (Double check this when you're more awake!).
/œ y/ > /ɛ i/ before /k ŋ/.
Palatal Glide Fronting
Vowels after the palatal glides /j ɥ/ are fronted, /a ɔ ə u/ > /ɛ œ i y/
Southern Late Middle Vowel Shift
Long vowels other than /a: ə:/ diphthongize: open /ɛ: ɔ: œ:/ > /aɛ aɔ aœ/ and close /i: u: y:/ > /əi əu əy/.
Chain shift with loss of front round diphthongs: /aœ/ > /aɔ/ > /a:/ and /əy/ > /əu/ > /ə:/
ɥ Loss
/ɥ/ becomes /w/.
G Lenition
/g/ lenits to /ɣ/.
After front vowels, /ɣ/ > /j/. Elsewhere, it devoices to /x/.
We're not done, though! After round vowels, /x/ > /ɸ/. Elsewhere, /x/ debuccalizes to /h/.
Note that /h/ still cannot occur before /y u/ in the Southern dialect, so in those instances /h/ becomes /ɸ/ instead.
Labial Glide Clean-Up
After bilabial consonants /p b ɸ m/, /w/ is deleted.
H-Shift
Shift /ʒ > ʃ > h/.
At the end of a word, /h/ is deleted with compensatory lengthening.
L-Shift
Shift /ŋ > n > l/. Nasalization is left behind on vowels before shifted /l/.
/ɺ/ merges with /l/ as /l/.
Final A Dropping
When it follows an open syllable, loss of word-final /a/.
Rhotacism
Voiced sibilants develop into /ɹ/.
In Southern dialects, this is derived from from /ʒ/. The new phoneme is quickly conflated with /ɺ/.
In Northern dialects, this was derived from /z/. /ɺ/ was already /l/, and distinction is easy.
Loss of Voiced Obstruents in Coda
Loss of coda voiced stops /b d g/.
In Southern dialects, causes compensatory lengthening on short vowels they followed.
In Northern dialects, it does not.
Allophonic Affrication of Stops
Allophonic palatal affrication of stops before front vowels.
In Southern dialects, /t d/ > /tʃ dʒ/ before /ɛ œ i y/.
In Northern dialects, /t d/ > /tʃ dʒ/ before /ɛ œ i y e ø/.
R/L Shift
/ɺ/ > /l/
Loss of nasalization
Nasalization is lost. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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