Verb morphology
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Nov 2017, 17:07.
[comments] hukgrammarverb
1. Other stuff
2. Possession
[top]Transitivity classes
There are three different verb classes depending on transitivity. Class 1 verbs are intransitive, class 2 verbs are transitive, and class 3 verbs are mediotransitive. There are different conjugations for [C1] and [C2+C3], as the distinction between the last two is only the object marking.
The basic conjugations for each class are thus:
Person → Class ↓ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1P | 2P | 3P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | m | s | ∅ | k | sk | lar |
C2+C3 | m | z | n | ğ | s | n |
These distinctions are inherited from Georgian transitivity classes while the endings are of various origins.
While normal transitive verbs take nominative on the subject and accusative on the objet, mediotransitive verbs mark their object with dative.
[top]Overall morphology
Halkoyen verb morphology is rather complex, with the two transitivity classes we have seen, plus eight moods (indicative, necessitative, negative-impotential, optative-imperative, interrogative, presumptive, conditional and causative), three tenses (past, present and future) and three aspects (imperfect, perfect and progressive). Merging of present with the different aspects made three subtenses: near past (without aspect but basically perfect), present (without aspect) and near future (without aspect but basically imperfect, although it can often be turned into a present progressive when emphasized).
Most moods come from Turkish, except presumptive, which is inherited from Romanian.
Passive mood takes reduplication.
Auxiliaries are followed by causative.
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