A Guide To Kallios
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An introductory guide to Kallios, including grammar and phonology
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Jun 2017, 10:52.
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1. A Guide To Kallios
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This is intended to be a longer introduction to my language
Kallios than providable in the summary.
Kallian Script
The Kallian script is the current script of Kallios, and it has evolved significantly since it was runes.
Runic Kallian- This was the earliest known Kallian script, and generally carved. It lacked any curves (at least in standard samples), and a few characters still bear a strong resemblence to their modern counterparts. Note that w was still just h and j.
Antique Kallian- Runic Kallian eventually moved to other materials, such as paper and clay tablets, which let some slight curves develop. W is now a hj ligature, but not yet treated as a letter. Some characters simplified, and e became a long s-shaped character rather than what was basically an l.
Soft Kallian- Soft Kallian is so named because it was written on soft leaf paper, which made cursive writing easier. In effect, it functioned as a kind of cursive, with long tails connecting every letter. THis was not for very long, but it radically changed the way people write Kallios, adding extra loops, some tails, many more curves, and a fancier exclamation mark. W became a letterform in its own right, but still remained only tentatively included in the alphabet.
Modern Kallian- This is the Kallian script used today. Many of the loops, tails, and other small details of Soft Kallian became dots. O radically changed form, and w became a full-fledged letter of the alphabet. The exclamation point simplified to the modern one found on the Kallios Cultural Flag
The Evolution Of The Kallian Script
Kallian Romanizations
Standard This is the romanization you will find on CWS.
Accented A backup romanization that uses accents sometimes.
Pronunciatory A romanization you might see in lessons designed to get people to pronounce the words correctly.
Scriptural A bad representation of the Kallian script with unicode characters so you can see what the Kallian script is like.
IPA The standard pronunciation of Kallios.
| Standard | Accented | Pronunciatory | Scriptural | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | m | m | ໙ | m |
| n | n | n | σ | n |
| q | ń | ng | Ὠ | ŋ |
| p | p | p | L | p |
| b | b | b | 乃 | b |
| t | t | t | л | t |
| d | d | d | Һ | d |
| k | k | k | ㄱ | k |
| g | g | g | ン | g |
| y | ' | hh | ก | ʔ |
| f | f | f | 几 | f |
| v | v | v | Ň | v |
| s | s | s | ⋂ | s |
| z | z | z | q | z |
| x | x | x | ດ | x |
| c | c | cz | ຯ | ɣ |
| h | h | h | π | h |
| l | l | l | Ŀ | l |
| ll | ĺ | ll | ೬ | ɫ |
| j | j | wr | c | ɰ |
| w | ĵ | hr | ൨ | hɰ |
| a | a | a | ņ | æ |
| e | e | ai | ภ | e |
| i | i | iu | て | ɨ |
| o | o | o | ⌒ | ɔ |
| u | u | ou | બ | u |
Cases And Numbers:
Kallios nouns have 8 cases:
Nominative: Fairly similar to the nominative in most other languages, so used for subjects. The base form of nouns.
Accusative: Used for direct objects, and rarely indirect objects. Mostly normal, but a few verbs make the accusative more interesting.
Dative: Used for indirect objects, and direct objects of verbs of eating.
Genitive: Very standard genitive. Except when they insist on having genitives where English doesn't.
Instrumental-Comitative: Used like normal, plus a variety of expressions. Can be used as a vocative in the definite, or a few other weird kind of vocative uses.
Benefactive: Fairly marginal case mostly relegated to writing, but behaves normally.
Postpositional: Case of nouns followed by a postposition, and always without an article.
Vocative: Another fairly marginal case that many younger people rarely use. There is no such thing as a definite vocative.
And two numbers
Singular: For 0-1.999 objects, plus objects with a provided numeral
Plural: Everything else
Genders:
Kallios has 2 genders: Animate & Inanimate.
Animate is used for people, some tools, female and non-gendered animals, good weather events, feelings, edible plants, and specific languages.
Inanimate is used for most tools, inedible plants, most objects, general categories, books, most machines, robots, male animals, replicas, and certain diminutives.
You can't predict natural features, concepts, and places.
The animate ending is -os
Here is an animate grammar table for Kallios, meaning Kallios.
The inanimate ending is -it
Here is an inanimate grammar table for kallit, meaning language.
Articles:
Kallios articles go after the noun.
Definite animate- e
Definite inanimate- i
Indefinite is the base form.
Articles are marked with different endings depending on the form of the noun, though many noun forms share the same article form.
Markings:
Verbs mark for subject, tense, valency, and voice.
There are 6 options for subject, 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I, 1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive), 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you), 2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural), 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, and 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.
There are 3 tenses, PRESPresent tense (tense)
current, PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech, and FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.
There are 3 voices, ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily, MIDMiddle voice (valency)
subject is both agent and patient, and PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.
There are 3 valencies, INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument, TRANSTransitive (valency)
has two arguments, and DITRDitransitive (valency)
has three arguments.
A few notes on when to use them:
The middle voice is used for avalent verbs
Ditransitive and Tritransative are both called Ditransitive.
All verbs end in -va, the infinitive form.
Verb Conjugation for kalliva (speak)
| form | ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily.INTRIntransitive (valency) has one argument | ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily.TRANSTransitive (valency) has two arguments | ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily.DITRDitransitive (valency) has three arguments | MIDMiddle voice (valency) subject is both agent and patient.INTRIntransitive (valency) has one argument | MIDMiddle voice (valency) subject is both agent and patient.TRANSTransitive (valency) has two arguments | MIDMiddle voice (valency) subject is both agent and patient.DITRDitransitive (valency) has three arguments | PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.INTRIntransitive (valency) has one argument | PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.TRANSTransitive (valency) has two arguments | PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.DITRDitransitive (valency) has three arguments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I.PRESPresent tense (tense) current | kallivem | kallivel | kalliveti | kallivemed | kalliveled | kallivetid | kalliven | kallivelen | kallivetin |
| 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive).PRESPresent tense (tense) current | kallivemu | kallivelu | kallivetu | kallivemud | kallivelud | kallivetud | kallivemun | kallivelun | kallivetun |
| 2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you).PRESPresent tense (tense) current | kallives | kallivez | kallivesi | kallivesed | kallivezed | kallivesid | kallivesen | kallivezen | kallivesin |
| 2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural).PRESPresent tense (tense) current</td> | kallivesu | kallivezu | kallivesiu | kallivesud | kallivezud | kallivesiud | kallivesun | kallivezun | kallivesiun |
| 3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee.PRESPresent tense (tense) current | kallivep | kallive | kalliveb | kalliveped | kallived | kallivebed | kallivepen | kalliveven | kalliveben |
| 3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.PRESPresent tense (tense) current | kallivepu | kalliveu | kallivebu | kallivepud | kalliveud | kallivebud | kallivepun | kalliveun | kallivebun |
| 1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I.PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | kallivum | kallivul | kallivuti | kallivumed | kallivuled | kallivutid | kallivumen | kallivulen | kallivutin |
| 1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive).PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech | kallivumu | kallivulu | kallivutu | kallivumud | kallivulud | kallivutud | kallivumun | kallivulun | kallivutun |
Evidentiality:
Oftentimes a Kallian verb is followed by one or more evidentiality markers. Here are what they mean:
ti- through sight
bilo- through a dream
a- through hearing
iho- through feeling
qe- through smelling
uill- allegedly
e- through circumstantial evidence
mimo- rigurously proved
ale- through rumors
ev- through a trustworthy source
nil- assumed
Adjectives also can have evidentiality markings, though it is rarer.
All animate nouns come before verbs, but inanimate nouns come after verbs.
Nouns come before both adjectives and numerals
Evidentialities come after both verbs and adjectives
Genitives follow the possessor
Auxiliaries come after the marked verb
Semantics:
All Kallios words come from a root (in the case of prepositions, this is usually the word itself)
-os is added to make it animate
-it is added to make it inanimate
-va is added to make it a verb
-ova is added to make it a verb of the animate form
-iva is added to make it a verb of the inanimate form
-to is added to a noun (or rarely, verb) to make it an adjective
-tolli is added to make a noun or verb an adverb
Diminutives and Augmentatives:
-nos or -nit is a "pejorative" ending. It is used to say that something has excessively many negative attributes, or is useless
-piu is a negator.
-livla is a diminutive meaning having less effect
-es is a diminutive meaning smaller in size
-alles is really -es
-piqo is a diminutive meaning older and smaller
-ki is a diminutive meaning artificially pared down
-oli is an augmentative indicated something beyond, akin to meta-
-us is an augmentative of size
-avus means beyond -us
Meaning Changers:
-llopweq is a tool used for creating a noun
-go is an artificial version of something
-gopi is the essence of a noun
-naz is an occupational marker
-ox is a masculine marker
-uza is a feminine marker
-se is basically ur- ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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