Koiho [KOIH]
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Registered by
[Deactivated User] on 8 July 2021
Language type
Not specified
Place & SpeakersKoiho is spoken by a population of around 112,000,000 .
Species
Human/humanoid
About Koiho
The Koiho language, or Standard Koiho (hạnọkkạlla kịosạman [ˈhanokːʰaɫɐ ˈkʰiɔsamɐn]) is a language spoken in the fictional country of Koiho, located in the Social Liberal Union. Standard Koiho has cemented itself in modern times as the most commonly spoken language for oral and written communication among its population: 78% of inhabitants in Koiho speak it as their native language and over 95% speak it as at least a second language. The demonym 'Koiho' is used to refer to the language as well as the people who speak it.
Standard Koiho uses two official writing systems: an abugida script as well as a Latin transliteration alphabet. Its traditional script is read from left to right and uses a system of markings in order to represent vowels and their pronunciation differences. Consonant length is distinguished, and stress typically falls on the first syllable of words with some exceptions. Some consonants and vowels follow a pattern of consonant gradation and vowel assimilation, which is specified by single or double vowel markings placed above or below consonant glyphs in the traditional script, and by a system of diacritic marks placed below the vowel in the Latin script. Standard Koiho is a synthetic agglutinative language, which uses a variety of suffixes and word segments that are combined with grammatical roots in order to create complex meaning. All forms of words, which are divided between nouns, adjectives, and verbs, are inflected with pronouns as well as other modifications that change their role in the sentence. Standard Koiho also has no grammatical gender, animacy distinctions, or tense; instead, verbs are conjugated by aspect, valency, and mood. In addition, the spatial relationship of subjects are communicated through postpositions as well as an extensive case system.
Below, "Standard Koiho" is written:
ħãnõkkãlla ķîwosãmän
Standard Koiho uses two official writing systems: an abugida script as well as a Latin transliteration alphabet. Its traditional script is read from left to right and uses a system of markings in order to represent vowels and their pronunciation differences. Consonant length is distinguished, and stress typically falls on the first syllable of words with some exceptions. Some consonants and vowels follow a pattern of consonant gradation and vowel assimilation, which is specified by single or double vowel markings placed above or below consonant glyphs in the traditional script, and by a system of diacritic marks placed below the vowel in the Latin script. Standard Koiho is a synthetic agglutinative language, which uses a variety of suffixes and word segments that are combined with grammatical roots in order to create complex meaning. All forms of words, which are divided between nouns, adjectives, and verbs, are inflected with pronouns as well as other modifications that change their role in the sentence. Standard Koiho also has no grammatical gender, animacy distinctions, or tense; instead, verbs are conjugated by aspect, valency, and mood. In addition, the spatial relationship of subjects are communicated through postpositions as well as an extensive case system.
Below, "Standard Koiho" is written:
ħãnõkkãlla ķîwosãmän
Sample of Koiho[view] Ọskana ẹkọhnastana ạhtạn nohạnọkna hạkọssetạše.
Knowledge is a deadly friend if no one sets the rules.[view all texts]
Knowledge is a deadly friend if no one sets the rules.[view all texts]
Language family relationships
[view] About IsolatesThis is a family for isolate languages.
Phonology
| Consonants | Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post- Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Other | |||||||||||
| Nasal | m [ˀm]1 [m̥]2 | n [ˀn]3 [n̥]4 | [ɲ]5 [ɲ̥]6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Plosive | p pʰ | t tʼ tʰ | [ʈ]7 [ʈʰ]8 | k kʼ kʰ | [ʔ]9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | [f]10 | v | [θ]11 | ð | s | ʃ | [ʂ]12 | (ɕ)13 | [ç]14 | [ʝ]15 | h | |||||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | [ʈ͡ʂ]16 | [t͡ɕ]17 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | [l̥]18 | l | [ɫ:]19 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | [ʋ]20 | j | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | [r:]21 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Flap | [ɾ̥]22 | ɾ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Blends | ft | ɾ̥k | n̥t | ɲk | θk | ɾ̥ʈ | fk | l̥t | l̥k | ɲ̊k |
- Occurs before b, allophone of /m/
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before d, allophone of /n/
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /n/
- Occurs before unaspirated consonants g, b, and d, allophone of /n/
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /n/
- Occurs after consonant r, allophone of /t/
- Occurs after consonant r; aspirated, allophone of /tʰ/
- Occurs at the end of consonant segments, allophone of /k/
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /v/
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /ð/
- Occurs after consonant r, allophone of /ʃ/
- Occurs before consonant j, allophone of /ʃ/
- Occurs between i and ʰj, allophone of /j/
- Occurs when /j/ is preaspirated, allophone of /j/
- Occurs before c, allophone of /t͡ʃ/
- Occurs before consonant j, allophone of /t͡ʃ/
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /l/
- Occurs when /l/ is geminated, allophone of /l/
- Occurs between two vowels, allophone of /v/
- Occurs when /ɾ/ is geminated, allophone of /ɾ/
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c, allophone of /ɾ/
| Vowels | Front | Near- front | Central | Back | ||||
| Close | i [i̯]1 | u | ||||||
| Near-close | [ɪ]2 | [ʏ]3 | ||||||
| Close-mid | e | ø | o | |||||
| Open-mid | [ɛ]4 | [ɜ]5 | [ɔ]6 | |||||
| Near-open | æ | [ɐ]7 | ||||||
| Open | a | |||||||
| Polyphthongs | ɜi̯ | ai̯ | ei̯ | ui̯ | ʏi̯ | æi̯ | ɛi̯ | ɐi̯ | oi̯ | ɔi̯ |
| øi̯ |
- Used for vowel diphthongs, allophone of /i/
- Unstressed, allophone of /i/
- Unstressed, allophone of /u/
- Unstressed, allophone of /e/
- Unstressed, allophone of /ø/
- Unstressed, allophone of /o/
- Unstressed, allophone of /a/
Syllable StructureSyllables comprise at least one consonant and one vowel and may end in another consonant, forming a cluster of two letters at most. Vowels may be either strong or weak (see stress information). When words are compounded or incorporated together, strong vowels remain intact, while weak vowels are cut off from the word, with some exceptions that follow a pattern.
[1] After a word is inflected, weak vowels may stay in the word if they are adjacent to a consonant cluster. For example, the words "kậto" ('new') + "tạhavana" ('learning'), when combined, create the noun "kậttạhvana" ('discovery'). The '-o' in "kậto" was cut away, as well as the '-ha' in "tạhava," while '-va' remained in the final word not to make a consonant cluster of three or more letters. Final weak vowels are also kept at the end of a word to preserve the meaning of its grammatical affix, which in this case is '-na' (stative).
[2] When two weak vowels are present in a word before being inflected, vowels are always eliminated in order from the left, or beginning, of the word. For example, when combining "cịhata" ('eat') and "-ne" (passive participle), the final result is "cịhtane" ('eaten'). The first weak '-a' in "cịhata" is eliminated first, and the second a remains in tact to preserve the meaning and not create "cịhtne."
[1] After a word is inflected, weak vowels may stay in the word if they are adjacent to a consonant cluster. For example, the words "kậto" ('new') + "tạhavana" ('learning'), when combined, create the noun "kậttạhvana" ('discovery'). The '-o' in "kậto" was cut away, as well as the '-ha' in "tạhava," while '-va' remained in the final word not to make a consonant cluster of three or more letters. Final weak vowels are also kept at the end of a word to preserve the meaning of its grammatical affix, which in this case is '-na' (stative).
[2] When two weak vowels are present in a word before being inflected, vowels are always eliminated in order from the left, or beginning, of the word. For example, when combining "cịhata" ('eat') and "-ne" (passive participle), the final result is "cịhtane" ('eaten'). The first weak '-a' in "cịhata" is eliminated first, and the second a remains in tact to preserve the meaning and not create "cịhtne."
Stress informationThe stress markers beneath each vowel determine where the stress falls in a word. Vowels that have a stress marker (ạ, ậ, ẹ, ệ, ị, ọ, and ụ) are considered "strong" vowels and receive stress when pronounced. When the first syllable of a word is made up of a weak vowel, for example, "sokọmi" ('to work'), the stress falls on the second syllable. From then, stress follows the pattern by which they are marked beneath the words in the sentence.
Orthography
Below is the orthography for Koiho. This includes all graphemes as defined in the language's phonology settings - excluding the non-distinct graphemes/polygraphs.
 KoihoOrthography [edit] | |||||||||||
| Ạạ/a/ | Ậậ/æ/ | Kk/kʰ/ | Gg/k/ | Hh/h/ | Pp/pʰ/ | Bb/p/ | Vv/v/, [ʋ]1, [f]2 | Ẹẹ/e/ | Ệệ/ø/ | Tt/tʰ/ | Dd/t/ |
| Đđ/ð/ | Ss/s/ | Šš/ʃ/ | Ịị/i/ | Rr/ɾ/, [ɾ̥]3 | Ll/l/, [l̥]4 | Ọọ/o/ | Mm/m/, [m̥]5 | Nn/n/, [ɲ̥]6, [ɲ]7 | Cc/t͡ʃ/ | Jj/j/ | Ụụ/u/ |
| ✔ Shown in correct order [change] | |||||||||||
- Occurs between two vowels
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before aspirated consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before consonants k, p, t, and c
- Occurs before unaspirated consonants g, b, and d
