Hlung verbs scratchpad
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polysynthetic ATR harmony hell
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 14 Feb 2022, 23:09.
[comments] hlgverbal morphologyverbmorphologyngerupic
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
intransitive subject of 1st or 2nd person is marked by the agent prefix.
intransitive subject of 3rd person is marked by the patient or experiencer prefix.
agent:
agent prefix harmonizes with the evidential/polarity prefix, if present. (if not, then with the beginning of the next harmony domain)
agent prefixes:
- ŋe - 1SG
- ma - 1EXCL
- ŋo - 1INCL
- ri - 2SG
- i - 2PL
- to - 3AN.SG
- ñe - 3INAN
- je - 3PL
- max - passive
evidential/polarity:
evidential/polarity prefixes do not harmonize.
- (null) - witnessed/direct, affirmative
- nạ - hearsay
- ñi - inferential
- pa - negative
applicatives:
applicative objects are either incorporated or marked by a classifier prefix. in either case they are also marked by a following prefix indicating the nature of the applicative. this prefix harmonizes with the incorporated object or classifier prefix.
applicative object prefixes:
- ŋo - person (male)
- ru - person (female)
- sam - person (3rd gender)
- ñụp - animal
- pe - thing
- (multiple people)
- (multiple things)
- nạr - time
- xaa - place
for speech act participants, the patient/experiencer prefixes are used.
morphemes for indicating benefactive, locative, and instrumental applicative types
- tahamuwi - without
- nạ - in (can be locative e.g. I am singing inside my house, or instrumental e.g. I am washing clothes in the laundry machine)
- na - instrumental
- raha - benefactive, dative
- sehe - allative
- saña - during
- ụmụ - at (a location), near (a thing or person)
patient or experiencer or incorporated object:
if there is no incorporated object, the patient/experiencer prefix harmonizes with the verb stem.
if there is an incorporated object, it constitutes its own harmony domain and is not coindexed by a patient/experiencer prefix.
patient/experiencer prefixes:
- n - 1SG
- ñu - 1EXCL
- ma - 1INCL
- rii - 2SG
- yi - 2PL
- tu - 3AN.SG
- in - 3INAN
- ja - 3PL
- kwa - REFL
TAM affixes:
- (null) - present, indicative, imperfective
- ye - recent past
- dah - remote past
- ruw - future
- law - perfective
- nawex - habitual
- (reduplicated verb stem) - frequentative, iterative
- so - subjunctive
- ław - conditional/potential
- saŋ - optative
- ex - imperative
- sek - desiderative
harmonize with the verb stem
adverbial interstitials:
- hil - kindly, fondly, happily
- apaa - carefully, cautiously
- nuuwa - unfortunately
- jaa - very
- ki - polar question
TBD
coordinators & subordinators:
- rali - and
- ạạn - or (inclusive)
- puun - or (exclusive)
- se - that (can be used for a relative clause modifying an argument to a previous verb, especially an incorporated object)
- nạŋ - because (same subject)
- tinaŋ - because (different subject)
- peheku - but (DS)
- kati - but (SS)
- peheta - then (SS)
- pehetu - then (DS) ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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