Lesson #2
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Phonology
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Aug 2018, 09:41.
[comments] kiclessonslesson 2
4. List of roots
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
You have learnt the alphabet of Kiltsana in Lesson 1. Let's look at the phonology of Kiltsana.
The roots of Kiltsana words consist of two, three or four consonants. Sometimes, two stops stand next to each other. When that happens, the first stop changes into corresponding fricatives. This phenomenon is called makaeptim (makaeptim, softening)
| Stop | Example | Fricative | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| b b /b/ | bakal bakal "he has died" | eb eb /β/ | aebkal aebkal "she has died" |
| p p /p/ | panam panam "he has eaten" | ep ep /ɸ/ | aepnam aepnam "she has eaten" |
| d d /d/ | [aldik aldik "pen" | ed ed /z/ | laedkaa laedkaa "he has dictated" |
| t t /t/ | [tatakii tatakii "pie" | et et /s/ | maettak maettak "she has made a pie" |
| g g /g/ | gagam gagam "he has gone" | eg eg /ɣ/ | aeggam aeggam "she has gone" |
| k k /k/ | [kietbaa kietbaa "a kiss" | ek ek /x/ | aektab aektab "she has loved" |
| 9 9 /ɢ/ | mana9 mana9 "he has cast (a magic)" | e9 e9 /ʁ/ | manae9pun manae9pun "he has cast (the magic)" |
| q q /q/ | qataem qataem "he has chopped" | eq eq /χ/ | aeqtaem aeqtaem "she has chopped" |
| ' ' /ʔ/ | wa'ak wa'ak "he has said" | h h /h/ | wahk wahk "he has shouted" |
| y y /ʡ/ | yabap yabap "he has knocked" | eh eh /ʜ/ | aehbap aehbap "she has knocked" |
Except loan words, fricatives do not stand alone. Nasals and affricates never change.
In Kiltsana, there are 7 uvular consonants and 2 epiglottle consonants. Vowels behind those consonants need to be changed.
/a/ -> /ɑ/
qataem /qɑtaem/
/i/ -> /e/
9ilī /ɢeli:/
/u/ -> /o/
yus /ʡot͡s/
When a consonant , except uvular and epiglottle, stands after an uvular consonant, it is uvularized. Pharyngealization is similar. When a consonant , except epiglottle, stands after an epiglottle consonants, it is pharyngealized. The vowel change mentioned above is also applied to the vowel behind an uvularized or pharyngealized consonant.
Example:
aeqtaem /aχtʶɑŋ/
aehbap /aʜbˤɑp/ ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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