Voice in Proto-Letsic
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This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 6 Sep 2017, 03:31.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Passive Voice
Being a language where all core arguments are clearly distinguished, passive voice in Proto-Letsic is not simply a valence-decreasing grammatical device, and to emphasize the patient of an action, one usually uses word order change rather than the passive voice. The passive voice in Proto-Letsic is mainly used to express that the subject is being adversatively affected by the action, especially when the speaker wants to show sympathy towards the subject in a passive construction, and it is not necessary valence-decreasing.
To form the passive voice, one adds the suffix -(i)s to the stem of the verb, and the verb is conjugated as a non-ablaut type ii verb:
The agent of the verb in a passive construction can be re-introduced, and when it is re-introduced, it is in the dative case:
The direct object of the verb can be kept and is still in the accusative case, when it is kept, it indicates that the subject is being adversaly affected by the action rather than the direct recipiant of the action:
Antipassive Voice
Besides the passive voice, there's also an antipassive voice.
To form the antipassive voice, one adds the suffix -(i)pan to the stem of the verb, and the verb is conjugated as an ablaut type i verb:
The patient of the verb in an antipassive construction can be re-introduced, and when it is re-introduced, it is in the dative case:
Unlike the passive voice, antipassive voice is mostly used to simply intransitivize a sentence. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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