Derivational Affixes of Proto-Letsic
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Nominalizers
Nominalizers are affixes turning a word into nouns.
-þe - used to indicate a person associated to the stem, the stem can be either a verb, an adjective or a noun. This suffix does not indicate if the noun is agent or patient. Roughly translated as -ist or -er in English.
-in/-qin - turns a verb into a noun indicating the agent or tool that does or is used to do the action. Roughly translated as -er in English.
-ṭe - turns a verb into a noun indicating the agent that does or is used to do the action, nouns with this suffix exclusively indicate a person. Roughly translated as -er in English.
-sin/-ste - turns a verb into a noun indicating the patient, or the direct object, of the action, it can also be used to indicate the subject of an intransitive verb, especially if the subject is unvolitional or inanimate. -ste is used for a person, -sin is used for animals or inanimates. Roughly translated as -ee in English.
-m - used to indicate the place or abstract property(quality, state, technique, knowledge, etc. associated with the stem) associated with the stem, the stem can be either a verb, an adjective or a noun. Roughly translated as -ness, -hood. -ship, -dom, -ry, -age, -ity, -th, etc. in English.
-zan - used after a verb to indicate the way or method to do an action.
-sa - used to indicate the source or origina of the stem, the stem can be either a verb, an adjective or a noun. This suffix does not have an English equivalent.
-zem - used to indicate the time associated with the stem, the stem can be either a verb, an adjective or a noun.
-pa - used to indicate the material associated with the stem, it indicates the material used to do an action when suffixed after a verb and indicates the material made of the noun when suffixed after a noun.
-r - used to indicate the action or result of a verb, it is used exclusively after verbs. Roughly translated as -ing(gerund , -ing), -tion, -ment in English.
-k - used to indicate the result of a verb, it is used exclusively after verbs.
-t - used to indicate the result of a verb, used to indicate a place or an abstract property(quality, state, technique, knowledge, etc. associated with the stem) associated with the stem. Roughly translated as -ness, -hood. -ship, -dom, -ry, -age, -ity, -th, -ing(gerund , -ing), -tion, -ment. -th, etc. in English.
The nominalizer -t was marginally productive in Proto-Letsic and ceased to be productive in all descendant languages.
-a/-na/-r- - generic nominalizer, it simply is used to turn a verb or an adjective into a noun and does not have a specific meaning. -a and -na are suffixes and -r- is an infix.
-o - nominalizer for nouns, used to form a noun associated with the noun stem it attaches to.
one may also create new nouns from verbs or adjectives by conversion, or zero-derivation.
Verbalizers
Verbalizers are affixes turning a word into verbs.
-d/-ð/-n - generic verbalizer. used to turn a noun or an adjective into a verb. verbs with the suffixes -d and -ð are either type i or type ii verbs; verbs with the suffixes -n are type ii verbs.
-c - used to turn a noun into a verb indicating an action done by using the noun stem. Verbs with this suffix are type ii verbs and mostly non-ablaut verbs.
-per - used to turn a noun or an adjective into a verb indicating an action related to speech. Verbs with this suffix are non-ablaut type ii verbs.
-m - used to turn a noun into a verb indicating an action of giving someone or something the object, property or state indicated by the stem. Roughly translated as en- in English. Verbs with this suffix are type ii verbs and mostly non-ablaut verbs.
-l - used to turn a stem(either nouns, adjectives or verbs, but mostly nouns) into a verb indicating an action of removing the object, property or state indicated by the stem. Roughly translated as de- and un- in English. Verbs with this suffix are type ii verbs and mostly non-ablaut verbs.
-on - used to turn a noun or an adjective into a verb indicating the transformation into the state, property or object indicated by the noun or adjective, and the result verb is both intransitive and transitive. Roughly translated as -en, -ize, -fy, etc. in English.
Adjectivalizers
Adjectivalizers are affixes turning a word into adjectives.
-q - used to turn a noun or a verb into an adjective indicating the state of having the object, the manner or tendency indicated by the stem. Roughly translated as -y, -ful. ed(the -ed for nouns), -ive, etc. in English.
When used with the prefix z- it indicates the lack of the object or tendency indicated by the stem and can roughly be translated as -less in English.
-n - used to turn a noun, an adjective or a verb into an adjective indicating the meaning of or pertaining to the object by the stem or having the characteristics of the stem. Roughly translated as -ish, -some, -ic, -al, -ical, etc. in English.
-jen - used to turn a stem(either a noun, a verb or an adjective) into an adjective indicating the tendency towards the characteristics, property, state or object indicated by the stem. Roughly translated as -wards, -wise, -ive, etc. in English.
-esq - used to turn a noun into an adjective indicating the state of being impervious or impenetrable to the noun it attaches to. Roughly translated as -proof in English.
-pic̣ - used to turn a verb into an adjective indicating the state of being capable or qualified to do something on it. Roughly translated as -able in English.
Other Affixes
z- - A prefix that can be added before any word, Used to turn a stem into its antonym. Roughly translated as English un-, dis-, in-, etc.
-c/-e/-ton - Collective indicator. Used after nouns to indicate something that is the collective form of the noun attached with these suffix.
-treq - used for places named after the stem.
-kon - used to indicate the dweller or inhabitant of a place.
-il/-ga - used to indicate the speech of a group of people or a place.
-ḳol - used to indicate a town or a city named after the stem.
-az/ʔaz- - a bound morpheme with the meaning "water, sap, juice, nectar, liquid, etc."
-li - diminutive indicator.
-ɔn - augmentative indicator.
Directional Suffixes for Verbs
There are some directional suffixes for verbs. Verbs with directional suffixes are type ii verbs. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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