Ranju verbs
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conjugation
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 12 May 2019, 22:20.
[comments] rjuverbsranju
1. Epanyu phonology
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2. Ipanyu nouns
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3. Ranju verbs
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4. Sound changes
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Ranju verbs are mostly analytical. They're divided in two classes: a and i, according to the thematic vowel in their conjugation. Conjugated verbs have the following affixes:
[OBJ]-[SUBJ.TAM]-root-[TS]-[SUBJ]
There are five verb bases: basic, perfective, imperfective or frequentative.
Basic:
This form is used as a habitual and as a general inperfective for some intransitives. It is identical to the -ä infinitive without the suffixes -l and ś; -i verbs change it to -ya which often triggers palatalization on a previous consonant: madäl, mada- to kill; muddïl, muddya- to bite.
Perfective:
The perfective is used for the perfective and the perfect aspects, and for the stative-resultative. Its marks are -ö for the a class and -yu for the -i class: madö, muddyu.
Imperfective
This base shows in all other imperfective auxiliaries as -am, -im: madam, muddim.
Frequentative/distributive:
This is formed by reduplicating bare base with a interfix -i-. There are some phonological reductions that take place, and some of the frequentatives are now irregular since they come from an archaic present base. Only auxiliaries that take imperfectives can use a frequentative: madimad,meddimed.
Imperative
The base is formed with -i for a class and -a for the i class, except for some suppletive forms.
Auxiliaries cover most of the TAM marking of the clause. They have different stems for each modality: declarative, subordinate, subjunctive, counterfactual and imperative, the latter with fewer TA distinction. Auxiliaries take the person and number inflection of the clause, and require a base for the main verb. They also show if the main verb is transitive or intransitive.
There are three marks for transitivity: The simple transitive, middle-passive and the applicative.
Some verbs in Epanyu do not change for transitivity, and some can have different values without any mark. Finaly, some verbs have unexpected markings.
Transitive
The suffix -l is used as a transitive marker for non-finite forms, such as the infinitive.
Middle-passive
The mark comes from pronoun se= and is used as a detransitivizer. For the infinitive is -ś and š- for finite forms.
Applicative
Applicative adds a benefactive to the clause. It usually shows with a prefix l- and -li for non-finites
There are two places where verbal inflection shows in the verb base: object marking in the right with prefixes and consonant mutation, and subject in the left. Subject marking has eroded and only keeps a singular-plural distinction and the [-ATR] feature for informal second person. Object marking for singulars shows in consonant mutations: nasal for first, strong for second, lenis for third and spirant for plurals, which are disambiguated with prefixes. Some conjugations retain more prefixes for singular persons.
These clitics are used for the subject of the clause and show 3 persons and 2 numbers. They come in second position.
For transitives, there is perfective versus imperfective. Imperfective has five forms: simple, continuous, and three proggresives: andative (go), venitive (come) and ambulative (around). The perfect is created from the perfective. Finally, there is a future form.
▼ Intransitive a class
▼ Intransitive i class
For the transitive verbs the forms are inflected for object, leaving the verb in the third person subject singuar and plural.
▼ Transitive a class 3rd singular
▼ Transitive a class 3rd plural
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