An Overview of the Kedshi Case System
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This article discusses the basic functions of all seven cases in the Kedshi language.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Feb 2020, 01:56.
[comments] kedshikirizaekdcasesgrammar
1. A Guide to Kedshi
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3. Kedshi Numbers
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Kedshi has seven cases, shown below:Nominative (NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument), Accusative (ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient), Dative (DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location), Construct (CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed), Temporal (TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.)), Vocative (VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]'), and Instrumental (INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using').
All nouns, adjectives, numerals, and verbs must take any of these cases.
Nominative
The Nominative case, simply put, is the form the subject of the sentence takes.
Generally, if the subject isn't being affected in any way, it takes the Nominative.
Here's a few sentence examples:
I kicked the ball.
Си пуцинпат щеспӧшвӱ.
i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity ball-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kick-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
The cat will kill the mouse.
Њошат чриљич улчєн.
cat-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity mouse-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kill-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Accusative
The Accusative case is used specifically for direct objects of a transitive verb.
Generally, it's the thing being affected by the subject of the sentence.
Here's a few sentence examples:
They shoot the bird.
Вԑ клäтэт бӱсäлзгä.
they-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few bird-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity shoot-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
I ate all the cookies.
Си такити пажофэ билву.
i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity cookie-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few all-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient eat-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Dative
Nouns take the Dative case when they are the indirect object of a transitive verb, or the beneficiary of an intransitive verb.
Generally, the Dative case is used when an object is not actually being affected by the verb itself, or is not changing state because of the verb.
Here's a few sentence examples:
He gives the flower to the woman.
Во споюку жӱпӧнä эжэ.
he/she-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity flower-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity woman-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity give-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
The dog sits on the chair.
Ӱђи зегтж ђэ кэвогтэ.
dog-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity chair-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity on INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument-sit-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Construct
The Construct case is used not for possessive nouns, but rather possessed nouns.
It's basically the flip-side of the Genitive case.
It can also be used like "of the," which is something a Genitive case would do as well.
Using this case, the possessor takes the case that the possessee would be in if the Genitive case were used instead.
Here's a few sentence examples:
Give me his book!
Нэнцэф вот сина эжэс!
book-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity he/she-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity i-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity give-PRIMPPresent imperative (tense/mood).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Do you have a glass of water?
Эж гиховё эзкиёку авох?
you-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity water-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity glass-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity QInterrogative
question-have-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Temporal
This case is used to specify when something occurs, and can also be used to replace the relative pronoun "when."
Here's a few sentence examples:
On Monday, I will go to the store.
Идеҵодояцба, си клӧфихэф кԙтжтӱзвди.
monday-TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity store-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument-go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
When he came, I left.
Вос кэнонвюс, си кэжтӧ.
he/she-TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument-come-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.TEMPTemporal (case)
specifying time (at one, on Monday, etc.).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument-leave-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Vocative
The Vocative case is used when something is being referred to or talked to directly.
Such as, if you were to say "Hey, Jake?" in English, the Vocative case would be put on "Jake" if it were translated into Kedshi.
Here's a few sentence examples:
Lädi (name), where's your pencil?
Лäдиз, щям єлосщя эж?
lädi-VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]'.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity where pencil-CNSConstruct state
noun being possessed.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity you-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Guys, I don't see it!
Анаф, си зет шӱцњäтвä!
guy-VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]'.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity it-NHUMNon-human (gender/class).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity NEGNegative (polarity)
not-see-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
Instrumental
The last case in Kedshi, the Instrumental case, roughly means "with, using" and is used when a noun is used to do something.
Here's a few sentence examples:
The hero fought the dragon with a sword.
Мяшеџ луморжит лурдемив ёламо.
hero-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity dragon-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity sword-INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity fight-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I speak [with] Kedshi.
Си екорядив кэжäлве.
i-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kedshi-INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument-speak-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
This has been a basic overview of Kedshi cases.
Of course, there's a lot more to it than this; Kedshi has a wide variety of complexity in terms of case suffixes and verbal prefixes.
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