Negations in Ediferian
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A view on how negations work in Ediferian
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Jan 2020, 00:42.
[comments] edwgrammarnegativenegationnounsnumber
5. Songs in Ediferian
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Ediferian uses two different affixes to make negatives.As for verbs, it uses the suffix -nag -nag suffixed to the positive form of the verb. It does not apply to the nonfinite verbs. It is not used for the infinite Its writing, and so its pronounciation, however, does not always keep the same. Here are some general rules to know what's the right form to write:
- If the letter before -nag is a vowel, the suffix stays -nag -nag.
For example, brimi Brimi I drank becomes briminag Briminag I didn't drink. Used in a sentence, vatunt briminag Vatunt briminag, I didn't drink water
- If the letter before -nag is r r, q th, n n or m m, the -n- will drop and it will become -ag -ag.
As an example, ehir Eshir, You exist, you are located becomes ehirag Eshirag, You don't exist, you are not located. Used in a sentence, jërim ehirag Jërim eshirag, You are not here - If the letter before -nag is t t, it will be assimilated to -nag and become n n itself.
For example, berjobitBerjobit, He/she/it will die becomes berjobinnag Berjobinnag, He/she/it won't die. In a sentence, xinn föntor berjobinnagChinn föntor berjobinnag, That person won't die
As for nouns, adjectives, adverbs and nonfinite verbs, the prefix na- Na- is added to the word. If the first letter of the base is a a, ä ä or e e, an euphonic -t- -t- will be added. Na- is prefixed because the negation creates a totally new word.
Making a noun negative is like saying "none of this kind of noun". It can also be rendered with the quantitative adjective nexen Nechen No, none
| katen jenujilatim ehit. Katen jenujilatim eshit. cat.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | island.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient-in.SUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form | exist.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I There is a cat on the island. | nakaten jenujilatim ehit. Nakaten jenujilatim eshit. not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-cat.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument.NEGNegative (polarity) not | island.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient-in.SUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form | exist.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I *There is a not-cat on the island = There is no cat on the island. | katen nexen jenujilatim ehit. Katen nechen jenujilatim eshit. cat.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument.NEGNegative (polarity) not | none.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | island.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient-in.SUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form | exist-INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I There is no cat on the island. |
Adjectives, modal adverbs and nonfinite verbs with the negative work similarly to English. For example:
| furinn föntoren Furinn föntoren loyal.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | person.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument-oneSUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form A loyal person | nafurinn föntoren Nafurinn föntoren not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-loyal.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | person.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument-oneSUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form A not loyal person (or not a loyal person) |
| nas fuller jeradit Nas fuller jeradit he.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | loyally.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc | speak.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee He speaks loyally | nas nafuller jeradit Nas nafuller jeradit he.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-loyally.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc | speak.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee-oneSUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form He speaks not loyally = He doesn't speak loyally |
When there are other prefixes (such as molu(t)- Molu(t)- very), Na- will always be the first prefix to be written.
| molukardalt edalten Molukardalt edalt very.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-hot.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | land.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument-oneSUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form A very hot land | namolukardalt edalten Namolukardalt edalt not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-very.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-hot.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | land.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument-oneSUFSuffix (suffix) suffixed form A not very hot land (or not a very hot land) |
When used in a sentence, only modal adverbs can become negative, while verbs stay positive. Using a negative verb means that the action did not happen, so it is impossible to say HOW it did not happen:
| qedavinn beler vulsorim Thedavinn beler vulsorim Thedavinn.PRProper marks a noun as referring to a unique entity.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | well.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc | reign.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee Thedavinn was reigning well | qedavinn nabeler vulsorim Thedavinn nabeler vulsorim Thedavinn.PRProper marks a noun as referring to a unique entity.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | notPREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-well.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc | reign.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee *Thedavinn was reigning not well = Thedavinn was not reigning well | *qedavinn beler vulsorimag *Thedavinn beler vulsorimag Thedavinn.PRProper marks a noun as referring to a unique entity.MMasculine gender (gender) masculine or male.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | well.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc | reign.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee.NEGNegative (polarity) not *Thedavinn not was reigning (well) = Thedavinn was not reigning (well) |
NOTE THAT In order to make a negative sentence with vede Vede To Be you can either use the negative form of the verb or the negative form of the predicative of the subject. As an example:
| bögalt vit framalt Bögalt vit framalt town.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee | far.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument The town is far | bögalt vinnag framalt Bögalt vinnag framalt town.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee.NEGNegative (polarity) not | far.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument *The town does not be far = The town is not far | bögalt vit naframalt Bögalt vit naframalt town.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PREPresent.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee | not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-far.AModifier adjective, adverb, etc.FFeminine gender (gender) feminine or female.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument The town is not-far = The town is not far |
Ediferian has a periphrastical passive voice, so the passive voice of a verb is expressed with V1.PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb Vede (where V indicates the base form of the verb). Moreover, Ediferian has eight compound tenses, which are Indicative and Conjunctive Past Anterior, Past Posterior, Future Anterior and Future Posterior, all formed with V1.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb.(PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech) Nede.(INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis / CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb).(PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech).
Creating negatives for compound tenses follows the same rules of negative adjectives. In this case Vede or Nede CAN NOT be negative.
| dreganilen rohageqen vavim. Dreganilen roshagethen vavim. picture.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | erase.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee The picture was erased. | dreganilen narohageqen vavim. Dreganilen naroshagethen vavim. picture.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-erase.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee The picture was not erased. | *dreganilen rohageqen vavimag. *Dreganilen roshagethen vavimag. picture.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument | erase.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | be.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee.NEGNegative (polarity) not *The picture not was erased. |
| eqor salsim... Ethor salsim... Ethor sailed... | ||
|---|---|---|
| ...tuv xëlmeas idilor nim. ...tuv chëlmeas idilor nim after.PSTRPosterior (tense/aspect) occurs after another event | sky.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | see.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | have.AUXAuxilliary.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee ...when he had seen the sky. | ...qetäm xëlmeas naidilor nim. ...thetäm chëlmeas naidilor nim. although.CONCConcessive although... | sky.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | not.PREFPrefix (prefix) prefixed form-see.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | have.AUXAuxilliary.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee ...even if he had not seen the sky. | *...qetäm xëlmeas idilor nimag. *...thetäm chëlmeas idilor nimag. although.CONCConcessive although... | sky.NNeuter (gender) neutral or neuter.SGSingular (number) one countable entity.DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location | see.PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb | have.AUXAuxilliary.INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis.PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee.NEGNegative (polarity) not *...even if he not had seen the sky. |
Secundary meanings in Ediferian sentences can be very different depending on how you say them and in what order. Especially, it is very important to exactly know what you want to make negative in a sentence, because it may have very different meanings.
Let's suppose we have two character, Ludmor and Noaran, which were given a glass of water and a glass of poison, and they can choose to drink one of the two drinks OR not to drink at all. If they drink water they'll get 500.000 Cons, the national currency of Edifer.
If you say:
1. na-ludmor vatunt brim Na-Ludmor vatunt brim Not-Ludmor has drunk water.
Then we can say that Noaran has drunk water and has won, because the meaning of the sentence is Ludmor is not the one who has drunk water. He may have drunk poison or nothing. This happens because the sentence does not negate the action vatunt brede (to drink water), but it negates its subject Ludmor, meaning that he was not the one to make that action stated by the sentence, but it was still accomplished by someone else.
If you say:
2. ludmor na-vatunt brim Ludmor na-vatunt brim Ludmor has drunk not-water.
Then we can say that Ludmor has drunk poison and has lost, because the meaning of the sentence is Ludmor has drunk something that is not water. This happens because this sentence neither negates the subject (Ludmor), nor it negates the action (brede, to drink), but it negates the object of the sentence (vatunt, water). Negating the object means that the action was still accomplished, but with another object, e.g. orange juice, soda, wine... or, in this specific case, poison.
If you say:
3. ludmor vatunt brimag Ludmor vatunt brimag Ludmor has not drunk water.
It can be interpreted as the negation of just the verb brede, to drink (which, in this case, turns out to be the less plausible) or as the negation of the whole verbal phrase vatunt brede, to drink water.
As for the first interpretation, we can assume that the action brede, to drinkdid not happen, and that vatunt is a useless specification: specificating WHAT Ludmor has not drunk is useless. If the object was absent, this sentence would mean that Ludmor has not drunk anything, neither water nor poison.
As for the second interpretation, we can assume that the action vatunt brede, to drink water did never happen. But, unlike the first interpretation, this means that he could have drunk poison, too. This is because the negative part is the phrase vatunt brede, to drink water as a whole, so changing only its object means changing the whole phrase and so the accomplished (or, in this case, not accomplished) action.
However, in common speech, the third possibility is used for both the second and the third meaning, but it is always fine to know all of the possibilities to make our sentences and our speech more fresh and brilliant.
potunt ënustyunt! Potunt ënustyunt! (Have a) Good Study! ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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