from proto-Yungchangese to modern standard Yungchangese
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This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Mar 2019, 06:53.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Consonants
labials: /m p b/<m p b>
dento-alveolars: /n t tʼ d s r l/<n t t' d s r l>
palatalised velars: /kʲ kʲʼ gʲ ç j/< c c' j H1 y>
velars: /k kʼ g ɣ/<k k' g H2>
labialized velars: /kʷ kʷʼ gʷ ɣʷ w/<kw kw' gw H3 w>
glottals: /ʔ h/<x h>
Vowels
monophthongs: /ɛ i ɑ u/ <e i o u>
lengthened: /e: o:/<e: o:>
diphthongs: /ɛj ɛu ɑj ɑu/<ei eu oi ou>
epenthetic: /ə/<ə>
phonotactics:
primary root structure: (C)V(C)
extended root structure: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
ejective consonants can't appear in the same syllable; besidees, voiceless and voiced plosives can't appear in the same syllable.
suffixes for extended roots trigger consonant mutations of the final consonant of a primary root, below are the phonotactics of the consonant mutations
p b > w
t d > r
c j > y
k g > H
kw gw > w
some root extensions:
- frequentative: -kʷʼ(causing the preceding ejective consonant disappear)(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > grekʷʼ- "to wander, to roam")
- V in: -m(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > grem- "to go in, to enter, to join")
- V out: -d(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > gred- "to go out")
- V up: -t(causing the preceding ejective consonant disappear)(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > gret- > kret- "to go up, to ascend")
- V down: -n(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > gren- "to go down, to descend")
- V by/V nearby: -nk(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > grenk > krenk- > H2renk- "to come")
- V off/V away/V afar: -p(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > grep- > krep- "to leave, to exit, to quit")
- V around: -b(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > greb- "to rotate")
- V forth: -ykʲʼ
- V back: -g(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > greg- > H2reg- "to return")
- V on/to-: -d(don't trigger consonant mutations, and the position of the stem vowel does not change)(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > gest- < ged-d- "to go on, to continue")
- stative: -n
- dynamic: -r
- causative: -s(e.g. ged- "to go, to move" > gres- "to send")
- nominalizer(instrument, concrete, body part: -kʷʼ-/-kʷ-(after words starting with ejectives)
- nominalizer(abstract?): -kʲ
- nominalizer(agent, instrument): -ol
- nominalizer(action, result): -H
- nominalizer(abstract, location, container): -t
- verbalizer: -eg/-es/-g/-s
endings:
- nominalizer(agent, instrumental): -lo
- nominalizer(concrete): -mo
- nominalizer(abstract, location, container): -tH
- collective: -g'/-og'-
kʲ kʲʼ gʲ > t͡s t͡sʼ z
kʷ kʷʼ gʷ > p pʼ b(except before proto-YungChangese round vowels)
kʷ kʷʼ gʷ > k kʼ g(before proto-YungChangese round vowels)
w > Ø (before proto-YungChangese round vowels)
st > t͡s / #_
st > ss / V_V
ps ts ks > ks ss h(before p t t͡s k > f θ s h and s sk > ʃ)
ms ns > mh nh / _#
ms ns > nt͡s
s sk > ʃ(except for ss and ks)
h > Ø / #_(before p t t͡s k > f θ s h)
py ty ky > tw t͡ʃ t͡ʃ
pw > p
p t t͡s k > f θ s h(except in final position)
tʼ t͡sʼ kʼ > t t͡s k
θ > t / _C
pʼ > ɓ
mh nh > p t
kt tk ks > t͡ʃ
gd dg > d͡ʒ
pt > ft
CVRC > CRVC(R being any resonant)
b d g > w l y / V_
d͡ʒ y > ʝ / V_V(after b d g > w l y / V_ )
d͡ʒ > t͡ʃ
b d g > p t k
ɓ > b
z > s / #_
z > r
ʝ > x
ss > s
θ > t͡s
f > h / _C
f > p
w > v
in stressed syllables:
e > e > ɪ(in closed syllables ending in nasals)/a(in open syllables)/e(otherwise)
o > a > ɑ(in closed syllables)/o(in open syllables)
e: > i: > i
o: > o: > u
ei > i > ɪ(in close syllables)/i(in open syllables)
oi > ai > e
eu > o: > u
ou > au > o
Hei > i > ɪ(in close syllables)/i(in open syllables)
Hoi > ai > e
Heu > o: > u
Hou > au > o
eH1 > e: > ɑ
eH2 > a: > o
eH3 > o: > u
H1e > e > ɪ(in close syllables ending in nasals)/a(in open syllables)/e(otherwise)
H2e > a > ɑ(in closed syllables)/o(in open syllables)
H3e > o > ɑ(in closed syllables)/o(in open syllables)
Ho > o > ɑ(in closed syllables)/o(in open syllables)
oH > o: > u
i > i > ə(in close syllables)/i(in open syllables)
u > u > ə(in close syllables)/u(in open syllables)
iH > i: > i
uH > u: > u
in unstressed syllables:
e > ə > ɨ
o > ə > ɨ
ei > i: > ɨ
oi > i: > ɨ
eu > u: > ɨ
ou > u: > ɨ
Hei > i: > ɨ
Hoi > i: > ɨ
Heu > u: > ɨ
Hou > u: > ɨ
eH1 > e > ə
eH2 > a > ə
eH3 > o > ə
H1e > i > Ø
H2e > ə > ɨ
H3e > u > Ø
Ho > ə > ɨ
oH > o > ə
i > ɨ > Ø
u > ɨ > Ø
iH > i: > ɨ
uH > u: > ɨ
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