Numi syntax samples: view article

« Back to Articles ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article » Journal

Numi syntax samples

▲

10▲ 10 ▼ 0

This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 30 Jan 2017, 18:51.

[comments] nmisyntax Numi (8 articles)

[Public] ? ?

1. Hiragana and Numi ? ?

2. Idioms of Numi ? ?

3. Numbers in Numi ? ?

4. Numi nouns ? ?

5. Numi syntax samples ? ?

6. Phrases, clauses, sentences, and beyond ? ?

7. The almighty verb ? ?

8. Verbs of perception ? ?

+ Write new article in Numi

Previously, I worked on translating the Fiziwig set of conlang syntax test sentences into my other language Cuuyamu. It was a fun exercise and so I'd like to try it for Numi as well. The two languages are structurally very similar in some ways, but quite different in others, so it should be interesting to see what they make of the same translation challenges.

The sun shines.
ゐのお　まりぽり。
wi-nō
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun is shining.
ゐのおわ　まりぽり。
wi-nō-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun shone.
ゐのおじ　まりぽり。
wi-nō-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun will shine.
ゐのおり　まりぽり。
wi-nō-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun has been shining.
ゐのおらもわ　まりぽり。
wi-nō-ramo-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-until-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun is shining again.
ゐのおわ　じぇん　まりぽり。
wi-nō-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing jen
again mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
ゐほじぇに　ふのお　うぽり。
wi-hojen-i
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-return-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future hu-nō
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-glow.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-pori
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-sun
The sun will shine tomorrow.
ゐのおろじったり　まりぽり。
wi-nō-rojitta-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-tomorrow-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The sun shines brightly.
ゐのおり　おゐんぐ　まりぽり。
wi-nō-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future owingu
brightly mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The bright sun shines.
ゐのおり　まりぽり　ゐんぐ。
wi-nō-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wingu
bright
The sun is rising now.
ゐなえげのめわ　まりぽり。
wi-nae-genome-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-rise-now-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mari-pori
DEFDefinite
"the"-sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
All the people shouted.
ゐんづぎじ　せなあさ　かるじゃに。
wi-n-dzugi-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-shout-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech sena-asa
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument karujani
every
Some of the people shouted.
ゐんづぎじ　まりなあさ　じゃに。
wi-n-dzugi-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-shout-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech marina-asa
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jani
part
Many of the people shouted twice.
がん　ゐんづぎじ　まりなあさ　ぼじゃに。
gan
two wi-n-dzugi-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-shout-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech marina-asa
DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument bojani
many
Happy people often shout.
ゐんづぎわ　ちょぽ　せなあさ　ししゃ。
wi-n-dzugi-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-shout-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing chopo
often sena-asa
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument shisha
happy
The kitten jumped up.
ゐずうらぜじ　りっな。
wi-zū-raze-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-jump-up-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech rinna
kitten.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The kitten jumped onto the table.
ゐずうちょりおまじ　りっな。
wi-zū-cho-rioma-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-jump-on-table-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech rinna
kitten.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
My little kitten walked away.
ゐおくうてやじ　ぬちりっな。
wi-okū-teya-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-walk-away-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech nu-chi-rinna
my-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-kitten.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
It's raining.
そゑに。
sowen-i
rain-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
The rain came down.
ゐうらごじ　まりそゑん。
wi-u-rago-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-down-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mari-sowen
DEFDefinite
"the"-rain.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The kitten is playing in the rain.
ゐさんげにこそゑんわ　まりりっな。
wi-sange-niko-sowen-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-play-among-rain-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mari-rinna
DEFDefinite
"the"-kitten
The rain has stopped.
そゑんだん。
sowen-dan
rain-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state
Soon the rain will stop.
そゑんゐぼだん。
sowen-wibo-dan
rain-soon-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state
I hope the rain stops soon.
のりいわ　よえん　そゑんゐぼだん。
no-rii-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-want-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing yoen
about sowen-wibo-dan
rain-soon-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state
Once wild animals lived here.
ゐゆびりうどっさわ　せなやへむ　にぐか。
wi-yubi-riu-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-live-here-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sena-yahemu
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-creature.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument niguka
wild
Slowly she looked around.
ゐひんじ　おゑど。
wi-hin-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-look-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech o-wedo
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-slow
Go away!
うてやり！
u-teya-ri
go-away-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
Let's go!
のんうり！
no-n-u-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
You should go.
るうり　きね。
ru-u-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future kine
should
I will be happy to go.
のうり　おししゃ。
no-u-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future oshisha
happily
He will arrive soon.
ゐえんぜんゐぼり。
wi-enzen-wibo-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-arrive-soon-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
The baby's ball has rolled away.
ゐぱよおてやじ　ふむぞお　うがみ。
wi-payō-teya-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-roll-away-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-muzō
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-ball.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-gami
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-baby
The two boys are working together.
ゐのはくじゃごわ　がん　めき。
wi-n-ohaku-jago-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-together-work-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing gan
two meki
boy.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
This mist will probably clear away.
ゐぽっぬだんゐぽで　らえし　ふてごげ。
wi-ponnudan-wipo-de
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-clear-soon-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' raeshi
probably hutego-ge
mist.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this
Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
ゐんぼんせがえんわ　あんわ　なり。
wi-n-bonse-gaen-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sprout-everywhere-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing anwa
flower nari
beautiful
We should eat more slowly.
のんごぜえり　きね　へろおゑど。
no-n-gozē-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-eat-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future kine
should hero-o-wedo
more-ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-slow
You have come too soon.
るうるじ　おじょばご。
ru-uru-ji
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-come-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech o-joba-go
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-early-too
You must write more neatly.
るじょづみり　すり　へろおとじゃい。
ru-jodzumi-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-write-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future suri
must hero-o-otojai
more-ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-neat
Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
えり　こでろが　がえ　いらるい。
e-ri
be-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future koderoga
palace.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument gae
wonderful ira-riu
across_from-here
Henry's dog is lost.
きぶいんわ　ふえぜし　うへぬり。
ki-buin-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-lose-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing hu-eze-shi
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-dog-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent u-henuri
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-Henry
My cat is black.
ゐでえに　ぬひんあ。
wi-dēn-i
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-black-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future nu-hinna
my-cat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The little girl's doll is broken.
ゐかちゃり　ふさんがさ　うちまひ。
wi-kacha-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-broken-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future hu-sangasa
her-doll.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-chi-mahi
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl
I usually sleep soundly.
のにんがわ　ちょぼ　いっぼん。
no-ninga-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sleep-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing chobo
often ibbon
thoroughly
The children ran after Jack.
ゐんふうじ　あけじゃっく　せなみや。
wi-n-hū-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-run_go-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech ake-jakku
following-Jack sena-miya
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-child.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
I can play after school.
のさんげどぶにしぇに　でい。
no-sange-dobu-nishen-i
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-play-after-school-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future dei
ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability
We went to the village for a visit.
のねかうらもゆぼぺじ。
no-n-ekau-ramo-yubope-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-visit_go-to-village-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
We arrived at the river.
のねんぜんよわいじ。
no-n-enzen-yowai-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-arrive-river-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
I have been waiting for you.
にあそべらもわ。
ni-a-sobe-ramo-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-wait-until-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
The campers sat around the fire.
やん　せななっしょさ　けもんご　ちゅまおほやもち。
yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee sena-nasshosa
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-camper.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument kemongo
seated chumao-hoyamochi
encircling-campfire
A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
ゐもんごじ　しょけ　ちまひ　くりっな。
wi-mongo-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sit-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shoke
nearby chi-mahi
DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ku-rinna
with-kitten
The child waited at the door for her father.
きみそべろじょづみろどっさわ　みやし　ふえぶめお。
ki-mi-sobe-rojo-dzumiro-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-wait-next_to-door-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing miya-shi
child-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent hu-ebu-meo
her-father-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
ゐりっなぶいぬろじょったじ　まひ　はりよだめ　ちいゆぼぺ。
wi-rinna-buin-rojotta-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-kitten-lose-yesterday-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mahi
girl.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument hari-yodame
most-old chii-yubope
from-village
Were you born in this village?
ゐなじ　しゅて　しゅんち　みざゆぼぺげ？
wi-na-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-happen-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question shu-nchi
your-birth.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument miza-yubope-ge
within-village-this
Can your brother dance well?
ゐやきり　しゅて　しゃわんしょん　しゅゑいこ？
wi-yaki-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-good_at-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question shawan-shon
dance-GERGerund
verbal noun shu-weiko
your-brother.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Did the man leave?
ゐうてやじ　しゅて　まりぺんじ？
wi-u-teya-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-away-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question mari-penji
DEFDefinite
"the"-man.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Is your sister coming for you?
ゐうるわ　しゅて　どさしゃ　しゅええらん？
wi-uru-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-come-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing shute
QInterrogative
question dosa-sha
for-you shu-ēran
your-sister.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Can you come tomorrow?
るうるろじったり　でいしゅて？
ru-uru-rojitta-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-come-tomorrow-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future dei-shute
ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability-QInterrogative
question
Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
ゐぬてやじ　しゅて　せなろじゃさ　んざちゅに？
wi-n-u-teya-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-go-away-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question sena-rojasa
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-neighbor nza-chuni
for-winter
Does the robin sing in the rain?
ゐやみ　しゅて　ぜろん　にこそゑん？
wi-yami
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sing shute
QInterrogative
question zeron
robin.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument niko-sowen
among-rain
Are you going with us to the concert?
るそへごれうり　しゅて　くらあん？
ru-sohegore-u-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-concert-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question ku-rān
with-us
Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
るわんどみざはをおむひくどさじ　しゅて？
ru-wando-miza-hawōmu-hikudosa-ji
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-travel-within-jungle-once_before-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question
We sailed down the river for several miles.
のっなあよおあけよわいじ　てあう　んざれつ　ゆだゐ。
no-n-nāyō-ake-yowai-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sail_go-following-river-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech teau
downstream nza-retsu
for-several yudawi
kilometer
Everybody knows about hunting.
のんだぷまよんづいわ　せなあさ　かるじゃに。
no-n-dapumayon-dzui-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-hunting-know-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sena-asa
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person karujani
every
(Assuming this includes the speaker as well.)
On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
りめ　ゐのお　ぽり　びいっめじょば　どぶぜつやど、のぬらすなひどっさで。
rime
when.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete' wi-nō
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-glow pori
sun.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument biin-mejoba
during-morning dobu-zetsuyado
after-solstice no-n-u-ra-sunahi-dossa-de
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-go-towards-mountain-before-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'
Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
ゐぐちょおじ　たあむ　らふちゃろ　うまりぎんぐ。
wi-guchō-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-laugh-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech tāmu
Tom.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ra-hu-charo
towards-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-antics u-mari-gingu
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-DEFDefinite
"the"-monkey
An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
ゐきそろじょどっさわ　ぺんじ　よだめ　くざいじゅいん。
wi-kiso-rojo-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-stand-next_to-fence-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing penji
man.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yodame
old ku-zaijuin
with-walking_stick
The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
ゐせごふじ　ふいいば　うびこく　みならごしょん　うせなめあ。
wi-se-gohu-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be.accident-conceal-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-iiba
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-nest.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-bikoku
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-squirrel mi-narago-shon
by-droop-GERGerund
verbal noun u-sena-mea
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-arm
The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
きっみはらぼらそべひごしゃあどっさわ　まりいえくちし　よぺし　ぽりめお　はあを　ちいあるん。
ki-n-mi-hara-bora-sobe-higo-shā-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-patience-INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-wait-under-snow-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mari-iekuchi-shi
DEFDefinite
"the"-seed-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent yope-shi
small-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent pori-meo
sun-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient hāwo
warm chii-arun
from-spring
Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
ゐんしゃわんちゅまおほやなしょじ　せなちまひ　ぼじゃに　ま　ゐんざりたんわれくちょりが。
wi-n-shawan-chumao-hoyanasho-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-dance-encircling-bonfire-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech sena-chi-mahi
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument bojani
many ma
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wi-n-zaritanwa-reku-cho-riga
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-flower_crown-wear-on-head
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
ゐじがらもひちゃごじ　ふごふちょ　うおっきえ。
wi-jiga-ramo-hichago-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-fall-to-floor-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-gohucho
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-lid.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-okkie
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-basket
The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
ゐうふろのらしぇをどっさだん　めき　ふひくま　うゆそべ。
wi-uhuro-nora-shewo-dossa-dan
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-follow_path-in_front_of-entrance-before-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state meki
boy.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument hu-hikuma
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-first u-yusobe
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-queue
On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
えどっさわ　けしょ　よだめ　いむわ　につよけ　よぺ　ちょまりすなえ。
e-dossa-wa
be-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing kesho
woman.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yodame
old imuwa
wise nitsu-yoke
in-hut yope
small cho-mari-sunae
on-DEFDefinite
"the"-hill
During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
りめ　のんゆびぞわき　ののくややむのどっさわ　ちょぽ。
rime
when.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete' no-n-yubi-zowaki
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-live-country no-n-okuya-yamuno-dossa-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-walk-pasture-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing chopo
often
When will your guests from the city arrive?
げんしゅ　めえ　ゐねんぜに　しゅせなえかうさ　ちいつない？
genshu
which mē
time wi-n-enzen-i
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-arrive-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shu-sena-ekausa
your-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-visitor.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument chii-tsunai
from-city
Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
しょけふしぇいん　うおおき　ゐぜつらんごわ　げじ　ふずふろ　うよわい。
shoke-hu-shein
near-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-mouth u-ōki
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-body_of_water wi-zetsu-ra-ngo-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-turn-towards-east-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing geji
suddenly hu-zuhuro
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-path.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-yowai
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-river
Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
ゐきいじ　ろおし　えこわ　いくがん　すなひ　いいた。
wi-kii-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-wide-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech rōshi
valley.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ekowa
fertile iku-gan
between-two sunahi
mountain iita
tall
Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
にこせなぞえそ　ゐんぼんせじ　ごじぇい　ざろん　いいた。
niko-sena-zoeso
among-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-wheat wi-n-bonse-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sprout-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech gojei
poppy.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument zaron
red iita
tall
The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
ゐねちゅにとちいぞわじ　ふごお　どおぶ　うせなねんご。
wi-n-e-chunito-chii-zowa-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-be-pull_out-from-earth-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-gō
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-root.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument dōbu
strong u-sena-nengo
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-oak
The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
きみごあしらごじ　ねずいん　せなみやめお　まさんげ。
ki-mi-goashi-rago-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-watch-downwards-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech ne-zuin
through-branch sena-miya-meo
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-child-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-sange
PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-play
The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
ゐぷにいらぬいせじ　ゑしゃ　ちやのん　えんふごべて　うみっか。
wi-puni-ira-nu-ise-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-blow-across-my-face-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech wesha
wind.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument chiyanon
western en-hu-gobete
as-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-caress u-mikka
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-friend
The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
ゐぱよおいらひちゃごじ　いんと　てぼん。
wi-payō-ira-hichago-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-roll-across-floor-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech into
round.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument tebon
thread
A box of growing plants stood in the window.
どっさ　やん　ちょらいつもんご　ぜけ　まし　きみみぜって　いえくめお　まぼんせ。
dossa
before yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee cho-raitsumongo
on-window_sill zeke
box.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ma-shi
that-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent ki-mi-mizette
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-contain ieku-meo
plant-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-bonse
PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-sprout
I am very happy.
のぼししゃわ。
no-bo-shisha-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version-happy-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
These oranges are juicy.
ゐんがいちみぞり　しゃきげ。
wi-n-gaichi-mizo-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-juice-filled-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shaki-ge
orange.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this
Sea water is salty.
ゐとめん　おおじゅ。
wi-tomen
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-salty ōju
sea_water.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The streets are full of people.
ゐなさみぞわ　ずふぬ。
wi-n-asa-mizo-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person-filled-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing zuhunu
street.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Sugar tastes sweet.
ゐえげら　たり　りいな。
wi-e-gera
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-taste tari
sugar.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument riina
sweet
The fire feels hot.
ゐえあごり　まりほや　わひ。
wi-e-ago-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-feel_external-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-hoya
DEFDefinite
"the"-fire.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wahi
hot
The little girl seemed lonely.
ゐえるうめじ　ちまひ　えなさぎろ。
wi-e-rūme-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-feel_emotion-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech chi-mahi
DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument en-asagiro
as-lonely
The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
ゐなあよさわ　ひく　どっさ　ふえぶ　うちめき。
wi-nāyo-sa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sail-er-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing hiku
one dossa
before hu-ebu
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-father.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-chi-meki
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-boy
I have lost my blanket.
にみぶいんじ　ぬらづこめお。
ni-mi-buin-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-lose-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech nu-radzuko-meo
my-blanket-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
ゐいばとゑすじ　ぜろん　ちょいなんじろ。
wi-iiba-towesu-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-nest-make-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech zeron
robin.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument cho-inanjiro
on-apple_tree
At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
のっぬげごぜえろじょずふかんやをじ。
no-n-nuge-gozē-rojo-zuhukan-yawo-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-lunch-eat-next_to-road-noon-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
きみとゑすじ　じょんずし　んじ　ばえづめお　どさふちめき。
ki-mi-towesu-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-make-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech jonzu-shi
Jones-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent nji
Mister baedzu-meo
knife-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient dosa-hu-chi-meki
for-his-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-boy
Their voices sound very happy.
ゐねやそり　ふしめ　ぼししゃ。
wi-n-e-yaso-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-be-hear-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future hu-shime
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-voice.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument bo-shisha
AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version-happy
Is today Monday?
やん　しゅて　ぺった　やどぬ？
yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee shute
QInterrogative
question petta
today.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yadonu
Monday
Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
ゐんじがちいなんじ　しゅて　かど　けぽ　かる？
wi-n-jiga-chii-inan-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-fall-from-tree-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question kado
already kepo
leaf.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument karu
all
Will you be ready on time?
るぶけり　しゅて　ゐぽ　もじゃぎ？
ru-buke-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-ready-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question wipo
soon mojagi
enough
Will you send this message for me?
すみらあどささらうり　しゅて　じょらうめおげ？
su-mi-rā-dosa-sarau-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-me-for-send-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question jorau-meo-ge
message-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-this
Are you waiting for me?
すもそべわ　しゅて？
su-mo-sobe-wa
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-wait-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing shute
QInterrogative
question
Is this the first kitten of the litter?
ゐんちでぞり　しゅて　りっなげ？
wi-nchidezo-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-firstborn-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question rinna-ge
kitten.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this
ゐでぞじ　しゅて　ふんち　うりっなげ？
wi-dezo-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-first-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shute
QInterrogative
question hu-nchi
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-birth.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-rinna-ge
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-kitten-this
Are these shoes too big for you?
きなどんばごり　しゅて　ぎいみしげ？
ki-n-a-donba-go-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-large-excess-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question giimi-shi-ge
shoe-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-this
How wide is the River?
あぶしゅ　ゐきいり　まりよわい？
abushu
how_much wi-kii-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-wide-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-yowai
DEFDefinite
"the"-river.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Listen.
そへいで。
sohei-de
listen-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'
Sit here by me.
もんごりうり　ろじょらあ。
mongo-riu-ri
sit-here-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future rojo-rā
next_to-me
Keep this secret until tomorrow.
およごふらもろじったで。
oyo-gohu-ramo-rojitta-de
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-conceal-until-tomorrow-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'
Come with us.
らあんくうり。
rān-ku-u-ri
we-with-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
Bring your friends with you.
およそしゃり　みしゅせなみっか。
oyo-sosha-ri
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-bring-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mi-shu-sena-mikka
of-your-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-friend
Be careful.
およえじり。
ANTIP-watch_out-NPST
Have some tea.
かえ　ゆし。
kae
here_is yushi
tea.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Pip and his dog were great friends.
きんぼみっかどっさわ　ぴぷし　ふえぜし。
ki-n-bo-mikka-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version-friend-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing pipu-shi
Pip-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent hu-eze-shi
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-dog-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
きんたおり　じゃあんし　えりざべすし。
ki-n-tao-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sibling-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future jān-shi
John-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent erizabesu-shi
Elizabeth-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
You and I will go together.
ののはくうり　しゃ　よ　らあ。
no-n-ohakū-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-go_together-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future sha
you.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yo
and rā
IInterjection (POS).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, IInterjection (POS)NTR argument
They opened all the doors and windows.
きっみみろじ　づみろめお　らいつめお　かるじゃに。
ki-n-mi-miro-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-open-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech dzumiro-meo
door-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient raitsu-meo
window-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient karujani
every
He is small, but strong.
ゐよぺり　こどおぶ。
wi-yope-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-small-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ko-dōbu
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-strong
Is this tree an oak or a maple?
ゐねんごり　しゅて　らお　ゐありり　いなんげ？
wi-nengo-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-oak-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question rao
or wi-ari-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-maple-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future inan-ge
tree.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this
Does the sky look blue or gray?
ゐえあしわ　しゅて　ええん　えにん　らお　えんこお？
wi-e-ashi-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-see-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing shute
QInterrogative
question ēn
sky.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument en-in
as-blue rao
or en-kō
as-grey
Come with your father or mother.
うるり　くしゅえぶ　らお　しゅまろ。
uru-ri
come-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ku-shu-ebu
with-your-father rao
or shu-maro
your-mother
I am tired, but very happy.
のやあげわ　さち　のぼししゃわ。
no-yāge-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-tired-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sachi
but no-bo-shisha-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version-happy-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
ゐがあのをざじ　ぼらふぴま　がえ。
wi-gāno-woza-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-song-play-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech bora-hu-pima
INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-his-flute gae
wonderful
Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
ゐんやたぬっかばきわ　やどお　らふねい　うざれごじゃきい。
wi-n-yatan-kka-baki-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-short-intensifier-become-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing yadō
day.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ra-hu-nei
towards-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-end u-zaregojakii
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-August
A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
ゐまだゐうじ　いらすなえ　いらじゃきじょ　はくん　にぜき。
wi-madawiu-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-march-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech ira-sunae
across-hill ira-jakijo
across-meadow hakun
flock.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument nizeki
soldier
The first part of the story is very interesting.
ゐぼねざはに　をお　じゃに　でぞ。
wi-bo-nezahan-i
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-AUGAugmentative
a bigger, greater, stronger etc. version-interesting-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future wō
story.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jani
part dezo
first
The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
きみゑってとろなゑんぜじ　かうし　せなちこっとめお　そおさらずらもらえ。
ki-mi-wette-toro-nawenze-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-let_go-into-pitcher-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech kau-shi
crow-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent sena-chi-kotto-meo
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-stone-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient so-ō-sarazu-ramo-rae
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-water-raise-until-top
The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
ゐてにくじ　まりがみ　こぐちょお　ちいがえ。
wi-teniku-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-clap-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mari-gami
DEFDefinite
"the"-baby.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ko-guchō
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-laugh chii-gae
from-joy
Stop your game and be quiet.
うえぞさんげだん　よ　にどで。
uezo-sange-dan
game-play-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state yo
and nido-de
quiet-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'
The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
きみばきむいわ　すかじし　ちょくた　だぎめお　よ　へろだぎめお。
ki-mi-baki-mui-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-become-then-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing sukaji-shi
sound-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent chokuta
drum dagi-meo
loud-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient yo
and hero-dagi-meo
more-loud-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Do you like summer or winter better?
げんしゅめお　すみへろおっみわ　ちいわあろ　らお　ちゅに？
genshu-meo
which-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient su-mi-hero-ommi-wa
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-more-like-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing chii-wāro
from-summer rao
or chuni
winter
That boy will have a wonderful trip.
きみひづおり　めきしじゃ　えわっめお　がえ。
ki-mi-hidzuo-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-experience-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future meki-shi-ja
boy-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-that ewan-meo
journey-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient gae
wonderful
They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
ゐんきぴやあれんじ　そもんごちゅまおほやもち　そみごぜえ。
wi-n-kipi-yāren-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-popcorn-cook-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech so-mongo-chumao-hoyamochi
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-sit-encircling-campfire so-mi-gozē
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-eat
They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
きっみうえぞあいたじ　がっめお　でぞ、さち　ゐんぴとめくとじ。
ki-n-mi-uezo-aita-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-game-win-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech gan-meo
two-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient dezo
first sachi
but wi-n-pitome-kuto-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-third-lose-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
じょらうほくり、およえってり　らもしゅまろ、およそべで　みえし。
jorau-hoku-ri,
message-take-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future oyo-ette-ri
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-hold-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ramo-shu-maro,
to-your-mother oyo-sobe-de
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-wait-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' mi-eshi
of-answer
I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
のまあぜじ　おじょば　そうもお　おきちゃろ　そおよじゃゐらご　らもぞげ。
no-māze-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-wake_up-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech o-joba
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-early so-umō
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-dress o-kicharao
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-hasty so-oyo-jawi-rago
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-step-down ramo-zoge
to-breakfast
Aha! I have caught you!
やほ！にあのってじ！
yaho!
aha! ni-a-notte-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-grab-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
This string is too short!
ゐやたんごり　つてんげ！
wi-yatan-go-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-short-excess-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future tsuten-ge
string.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this
Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
じぇいご！　きみさゆうにじ　ゑしゃし　ぬくらえめお！
jeigo!
oh_no ki-mi-sa-yūni-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-blow_away-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech wesha-shi
wind-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent nu-kurae-meo
my-hat-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Alas! that news is sad indeed!
ぬごら！　ゐいっぼねのり　らあきじゃ。
nugora!
alas wi-ibbon-eno-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-deeply-sad-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future rāki-ja
new.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-that
Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
はっちゃ！　ゐぬれもさるちょり　ゑしゃ　ぜぎ　じゃの。
haccha!
yowch wi-nu-remo-sa-rucho-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-my-nose-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-freeze-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future wesha
wind.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument zegi
cold jano
that
Are you warm enough now?
るはあをげのめわ　しゅて　もじゃぎ？
ru-hāwo-genome-wa
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-warm-now-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing shute
QInterrogative
question mojagi
enough
They heard the warning too late.
ゐんへじゑすやそじ　おあくご。
wi-n-hejiwesu-yaso-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-warning-hear-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech o-aku-go
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-late-excess
We are a brave people, and love our country.
のんじょのわ　めなさ　こやじょるうめ　どさぬいんそに。
no-n-jono-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-brave-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing menasa
people.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ko-yajo-rūme
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-love-feel dosa-nu-insoni
for-our-country
All the children came except Mary.
ゐぬるじ　せなみや　かるじゃに　すかめえり。
wi-n-uru-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-come-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech sena-miya
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-child.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument karujani
all suka-mēri
except-Mary
Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
きみのってじ　じゃっくし　せなちこっとれえめお　そみこにとろやあも。
ki-mi-notte-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-grab-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech jakku-shi
Jack-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent sena-chi-kotto-rē-meo
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-stone-handful-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient so-mi-koni-toro-yāmo
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-throw-into-lake
This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
やん　もちょけ　ちょすなえ　めやん　しょけゆぼぺ。
yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee mochoke
cottage.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument cho-sunae
on-hill meyan
short shoke-yubope
near-village
On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
びいんぶんぐ　わあろ　いっね　ゐんもんごどっさわ　がん　あさ　よだめ　につなっしょ　ろじょふづみろ　うふもちょけ。
biin-bungu
during-evening wāro
summer inne
fine wi-n-mongo-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sit-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing gan
two asa
person.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yodame
old nitsu-nassho
in-outdoors rojo-hu-dzumiro
next_to-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-door u-hu-mochoke
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-cottage
Our bird's name is Jacko.
じゃこ　ゐべぬろわ　ぬおぜ。
jako
Jacko wi-benuro-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be_called-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing nu-oze
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-bird.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The river knows the way to the sea.
きみづいり　まりよわいし　ずふろめお　らもじゅ。
ki-mi-dzui-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-know-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mari-yowai-shi
DEFDefinite
"the"-river-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent zuhuro-meo
path-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ramo-ju
to-sea
The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
ゐなあよおてやわ　えのぜ　まぞ　まりうこおと。
wi-nāyō-teya-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sail-away-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing en-oze
as-bird ma-zo
PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-fly mari-ukōto
DEFDefinite
"the"-boat.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
ゐんひんじ　おめゆ　さち　ゑ　きっみあしじ　ししぇゆめお。
wi-n-hin-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-look-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech o-meyu
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-cautious sachi
but we
NEGNegative (polarity)
not ki-n-mi-ashi-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-see-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shisheyu-meo
nothing-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
みざまりこでえ　よぺ　やん　ぴと　ちゃこ、えんちゃへど、ちゃにんが、ちゃやれん　ちょぺ。
miza-mari-kodē
within-DEFDefinite
"the"-house yope
small yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee pito
three chako
room.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument en-chahedo,
as-living_room chaninga,
bedroom chayaren
kitchen chope
tiny
We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
にっみえかうじ　うぬほき　ふゆぼぺめお　ま　ゐはりどんばじ　ちょふごさ　うどら。
ni-n-mi-ekau-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-visit-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech u-nu-hoki
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-my-uncle hu-yubope-meo
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-village-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wi-hari-donba-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-most-large-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech cho-hu-gosa
on-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-back u-dora
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-world
We learn something new each day.
のぬらあきしぇんわ　かるやどお。
no-n-rāki-shen-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-new-learn-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing karu-yadō
every-day
The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
ゐでたり　なやしょ　こじょばしぇぞげ　ぼらへん　せす　じぇわどっさ。
wi-deta-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-begin-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future nayasho
market.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ko-joba-shezo-ge
while-early-week-this bora-hen
INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-five sesu
minute jewa-dossa
over-before
Did you find the distance too great?
ゐばあれごじ　りとしゅて　あぶてや？
wi-bāre-go-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-long-excess-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech rito-shute
think-QInterrogative
question abuteya
distance.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
Hurry, children.
きちゃで、せなみや。
kicha-de,
rush-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' sena-miya
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-child
Madam, I will obey your command.
のや、のあけより　すいくしょん。
noya,
lady no-akeyo-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-obey-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future suiku-shon
command-GERGerund
verbal noun
Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
にっみがやりうじ　ひごいなんげ　ごじゃめお　がえ　らもふせなえかうさ。
ni-n-mi-gaya-riu-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-provide-here-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech higo-inan-ge
under-tree-this goja-meo
feast-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient gae
wonderful ramo-hu-sena-ekausa
to-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-visitor
In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
のれきそめりちわ　ぜい　びいんちゅに　そうもお　にこあんぐ　ぼおぎ　ちいほやらい。
no-rekiso-merichi-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-get_up-night-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing zei
always biin-chuni
during-winter so-umō
then.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-put_on niko-angu
among-light bōgi
yellow chii-hoyarai
from-candle
Tell the last part of that story again.
およじぇんざっぽり　みふじゃに　ねいめ　うをおじゃ。
oyo-jen-zappo-ri
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-again-narrate-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mi-hu-jani
of-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-part neime
last u-wō-ja
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-story-that
Be quick or you will be too late.
ぎしで　おめ　るあくごり。
gishi-de
fast-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' ome
or_else ru-aku-go-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-late-excess-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
Will you go with us or wait here?
るらあんくうり　しゅて　らお　るおよそべりうり？
ru-rān-ku-u-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-us-with-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future shute
QInterrogative
question rao
or ru-oyo-sobe-riu-ri
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-wait-here-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
ゐじぇこんどっさわ　ぜい、ゐげっどわ　ちょぽ、ゐだれいっかわ　びいんせなやどお　ぜぎ。
wi-jekon-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-shabby-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing zei,
always wi-geddo-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-ragged-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing chopo,
often wi-darei-kka-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-uncomfortable-intensifier-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing biin-sena-yadō
during-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-day zegi
cold
Think first and then act.
ざはに　どっさあしょん。
zahan-i
think-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future dossa-a-shon
before-do-GERGerund
verbal noun
I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
のきそじ　まひ　よぺ　えんちこおぜ　ちょもんごら　ろじょらいつ　こみごあし　しゃきたっめお　まじが。
no-kiso-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-stand-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mahi
girl.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument yope
small en-chikōze
as-hummingbird cho-mongora
on-chair rojo-raitsu
next_to-window ko-mi-goashi
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-watch shakitan-meo
snowflake-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-jiga
PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-fall
Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
ぬやる、およさやしり　みまりなえかうさ　みせないざげ、およさやそり　みふをがひん　はれい。
nu-yaru,
my-son oyo-sai-ashi-ri
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-show-see-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mi-marina-ekausa
of-DEFDefinite
"the".PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-visitor mi-sena-iza-ge
of-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-shell-this oyo-sai-yaso-ri
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-show-hear-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mi-hu-wogahin
of-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-history harei
strange
Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
ぞずっのり　みししぇゆ　すくしゅばちゅう。
zo-zunno-ri
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-accept-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future mi-shisheyu
of-nothing suku-shu-bachū
except-your-best
We consider them our faithful friends.
にっみあこおわ　かいっめお　えんせなみっか　りの。
ni-n-mi-akō-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-behave-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing kain-meo
they-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient en-sena-mikka
as-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-friend rino
faithful
We will make this place our home.
にっみゆびとさばきり　じゃけっめおげ。
ni-n-mi-yubito-sa-baki-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-home-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-become-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future jaken-meo-ge
place-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-this
The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
きっみほじり　びこきし　いいばめお　えんはあを　もち　ぼらけぽ　よ　んでれ　しゃあど。
ki-n-mi-hoji-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-build-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future bikoki-shi
squirrel-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent iiba-meo
nest-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient en-hāwo
as-warm mochi
cozy bora-kepo
INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-leaf yo
and ndere
moss shādo
soft
The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
いちまひし　きみとゑすじ　ふながめお　うさんがさ。
i-chi-mahi-shi
emphatic-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent ki-mi-towesu-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-make-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-naga-meo
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-dress-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient u-sangasa
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-doll
I hurt myself.
にさづばじ。
ni-sadzuba-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-injure-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
She was talking to herself.
きさずどっさわ。
ki-sazu-dossa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-talk-before-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
He proved himself trustworthy.
ゐおよさいじ　ちゃさがめしょん。
wi-oyo-sai-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-show-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech chasa-game-shon
trust-deserve-GERGerund
verbal noun
We could see ourselves in the water.
にんひんじ　でい　じょまりおお。
ni-n-hin-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-look-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech dei
ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability jo-mari-ō
on-DEFDefinite
"the"-water
Do it yourself.
いしゃ　あり。
i-sha
emphatic-you a-ri
do-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
I feel ashamed of myself.
のがおりるうめり　やらあ。
no-gaori-rūme-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-shame-feel-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ya-rā
because_of-me
Sit here by yourself.
もんごるいり　おくひ。
mongo-riu-ri
sit-here-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future o-kuhi
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-alone
The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
ゐえてぼにじ　ふなが　うちきねら　こみさし　せなぱろめお、ふあんわ　でずの　うまりいんそに。
wi-e-teboni-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-embroider-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-naga
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-dress.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument u-chi-kinera
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-princess ko-mi-sashi
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-depict sena-paro-meo,
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-rose-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient hu-anwa
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-flower dezuno
official u-mari-insoni
GENGenitive (case)
possessive-DEFDefinite
"the"-country
They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
きっみれくじ　くらえめお　ざろん　ま　ゐんしんさいきじ。
ki-n-mi-reku-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-wear-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech kurae-meo
hat-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient zaron
red ma
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wi-n-shin-saiki-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-free-represent-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
ゑ　くかい　えんくはさ　にっみきかわ　ぞずかめお。
we
NEGNegative (polarity)
not ku-kai
with-him en-kuha-sa
as-protect-agent ni-n-mi-kika-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-fear-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing zo-zuka-meo
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-danger-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
ゐんとぞゑすみざぜくもじ　ふにしょ、てべん　わっせ　じぇし　かるじゃに。
wi-n-tozowesu-miza-zekumo-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-folded_up-within-suitcase-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech hu-nisho,
her-fancy.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument teben
lace.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wasse
ribbon.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jeshi
feather.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument karujani
every
Light he thought her, like a feather.
ゐざはんじ　ゐいえかむいわ　えんじぇし。
wi-zahan-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-think-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech wi-ieka-mui-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-light-then-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing en-jeshi
as-feather
Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
きっもえかうんざあめわ　びいんかるあるん　かるどおゆ　ふせなげんたおし。
ki-n-mo-ekau-nza-ame-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-visit-for-long_time-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing biin-karu-arun
during-every-spring karu-dōyu
every-autumn hu-sena-gentao-shi
POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-cousin-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
ゐきよんでんざちゅに　きじお　やいわんげげ。
wi-kiyo-nde-nza-chuni
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-green-stay-for-winter kijio
grass.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ya-iwange-ge
because_of-weather-this
The boy who brought the book has gone.
ゐえわじ　めき　ま　ゐあらんそしゃじ。
wi-ewa-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-leave-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech meki
boy.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ma
that.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wi-aran-sosha-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-book-bring-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
These are the flowers that you ordered.
かえ　しゅちゃん　あんわ。
kae
here shu-chan
your-order.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument anwa
flower
I have lost the book that you gave me.
にみぶいんじ　あらっめお　まめお　すもかじ。
ni-mi-buin-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-lose-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech aran-meo
book-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-meo
that-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient su-mo-ka-ji
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-give-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
ゐおよすいくじ　らっみかしょん　にそさ　まうこおとえんげ。
wi-oyo-suiku-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-command-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech rammika-shon
pay-GERGerund
verbal noun nisosa
fisherman.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ma-ukōto-enge
PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-boat-own
Come when you are called.
ろおめ　るえうろづぎ　うるり。
rōme
when.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action ru-e-urodzugi
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-call_for uru-ri
come-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
I shall stay at home if it rains.
ろおめ　そゑに　おいて、のんでゆびとり。
rōme
when.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action sowen-i
rain-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future oite
might no-nde-yubito-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-stay-home-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
When he saw me, he stopped.
ろおめ　きもあし　ゐうだん。
rōme
when.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action ki-mo-ashi
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-see wi-u-dan
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state
Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
ぞおよけえほり　やげの　のえるうめわ　えんぽんよにえ。
zo-oyo-kēho-ri
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-laugh_at-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ya-geno
because_of-this no-e-rūme-wa
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-feel-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing en-ponyonie
as-absentminded
I shall lend you the books that you need.
にあさいえしいり　せなあらっめお　まめお　すみぎじゃわ。
ni-a-saieshii-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-lend-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future sena-aran-meo
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-book-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-meo
that-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient su-mi-gija-wa
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-need-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
Come early next Monday if you can.
えんぜに　きね　おじょば　あけやどぬ。
enzen-i
arrive-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future kine
should o-joba
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-early ake-yadonu
following-Monday
If you come early, wait in the hall.
ろおめ　るえんぜん　おいて　おじょば、およそべういくで。
rōme
when.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action ru-enzen
2Second person (person)
addressee (you).ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-arrive oite
might o-joba
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-early oyo-sobe-uiku-de
ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-wait-hallway-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming'
I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
えじ　ゑいこじえ　あんとにお　ゐべぬろじ。
e-ji
be-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech weiko-je
brother-younger.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument antonio
Antonio wi-benuro-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be_called-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
ゐぞわさり　げの、ぺんじ　よぺ　まゆびひごじみぞわ。
wi-zowasa-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-gnome-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future geno,
this penji
man yope
small ma-yubi-higo-jimizowa
PTCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb-live-under-ground
He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
ゐどさやじょえるうめわ　みかるあさ　やふめならい　はつて。
wi-dosa-yajo-e-rūme-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-for-love-be-feel-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing mi-karuasa
of-everyone ya-hu-menarai
because_of-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-personality hatsute
gentle
Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
けれねってで　かねん　のくらえうそしゃり　こふのん。
keren-ette-de
horse-hold-INCHInchoative (aspect)
'beginning, becoming' kanen
meanwhile no-kurae-usosha-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-hat-get-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ko-hunon
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-run
I have found the ring I lost.
にみかぼじ　しぇこめお　まめお　にみぶいんじ。
ni-mi-kabo-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-find-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech sheko-meo
ring-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ma-meo
that-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient ni-mi-buin-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-lose-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Play and I will sing.
をざり　かねん　のやみり。
woza-ri
play-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future kanen
meanwhile no-yami-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-sing-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future
That is the funniest story I ever heard.
えり　をおじゃ　はりらぐちょ　ちいかづり。
e-ri
be-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future wō-ja
story.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-that hari-ragucho
most-funny chii-kadzuri
from-all_known
She is taller than her brother.
ゐいたり　らもふゑいこ。
wi-iita-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-tall-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ramo-hu-weiko
to-POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-brother
They are no wiser than we.
ゑ　ゐにむわり　らもらあん。
we
NEGNegative (polarity)
not wi-n-imuwa-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-wise-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future ramo-rān
to-we
Light travels faster than sound.
ゐうわ　ぜい　おぎし　あんぐ　じぇわすかじ。
wi-u-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-go-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing zei
always o-gishi
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-fast angu
light.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jewa-sukaji
over-sound
We have more time than they.
ぬやん　めえ　じぇわかいん。
nuyan
have.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I mē
time.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jewa-kain
over-they
She has more friends than enemies.
ゐんたちり　ふせなみっか　じぇわふすたぴき。
wi-n-tachi-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-count-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future hu-sena-mikka
her-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-friend.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument jewa-hu-sutapiki
over-her-enemy
He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
ゐすわぜぬっかじ　こゆび　くきを　よ　へん　みや　につよけなん　よぺ　とゑじがなん　せなこった。
wi-suwazen-ukka-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-poor-intensifier-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech ko-yubi
while.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-live ku-kiwo
with-wife yo
and hen
five miya
child nitsu-yokenan
in-cabin yope
small towe-jiganan
made_of-log sena-kotto
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-stone
When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
ろおめ　ゐぷにじ　まりゑしゃ　ゐねらぼらもがもじ　まりわんどさ。
rōme
when.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action wi-puni-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-blow-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mari-wesha
DEFDefinite
"the"-wind.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument wi-nera-bora-mogamo-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-cloak-INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-bundle_up-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech mari-wandosa
DEFDefinite
"the"-traveler.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
I am sure that we can go.
のぬり　でい　やっこ。
no-n-u-ri
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-go-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future dei
ABILAbilitative (mood)
expresses ability yakko
certain
We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
のんほじぇんじ　ちょのんぱろひんじ。
no-n-hojen-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-return-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech cho-no-n-paro-hin-ji
where-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-rose-look-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
"This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
「やん　いならざぶげ　みへん　だゐ」　ゐじこじ　しつわさ。
yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee inan-razabu-ge
tree-height.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this mihen
fifteen dawi
meter wi-jiko-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-say-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech shitsuwasa
gardener.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
ゐえわり　らえし　はぬかんてげ　こじょばぺった　ぼらへん　せす　じぇわどっさ。
wi-ewa-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-leave-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future raeshi
probably hanukante-ge
train.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-this ko-joba-petta
while-early-today bora-hen
INSTRInstrumental (case)
'with' 'using'-five sesu
minute jewa-dossa
over-before
My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
きみれやねり　りと　ねくしょふとし。
ki-mi-reyane-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-pardon-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future rito
opinion nekushohuto-shi
governor-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
Why he has left the city is a mystery.
ゐやしわ　ふえら　えわちいつないしょん。
wi-yashi-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-unknown-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing hu-era
his-purpose.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument ewa-chii-tsunai-shon
leave-from-city-GERGerund
verbal noun
The house stands where three roads meet.
やん　こでえ　ちゃきねかわ　ぴと　ずふかんし。
yan
be_at.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee kodē
house.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument cha-ki-n-eka-wa
where-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-meet-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing pito
three zuhukan-shi
road-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
He has far more money than brains.
きみみぞわ　わぜっめお　じぇわずはん。
ki-mi-mizo-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-filled-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing wazen-meo
money-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient jewa-zuhan
over-intelligence
Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
ゑ　ゐえみろまどさわ　あふろじ　づみなしょじゃ　ないこ　ゐんぼんせり　おろじ　きじお　いいた　よ　つが　どんば。
we
NEGNegative (polarity)
not wi-e-miro-madosa-wa
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-be-open-never-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing ahuroji
deduce dzuminasho-ja
gate.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-that naiko
for wi-n-bonse-ri
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-sprout-NPSTNon-past (tense)
present, continuous and future o-roji
ADVAdverbial
e.g. English '-ly'-close kijio
grass.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument iita
tall yo
and tsuga
hemlock.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument donba
large
I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.
にみうなじ　ちまひめお；ゐじこじ　ふやん　すん　ぜぼり。
ni-mi-una-ji
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient-meet-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech chi-mahi-meo
DIMDiminutive
a smaller, lesser, weaker etc. version-girl-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient wi-jiko-ji
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument-say-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech huyan
have.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee sun
eight zebori
year

✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article

Comments

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 18-Mar-17 03:01 [Deactivated User]

Why, thank you!

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 18-Mar-17 02:21 [Deactivated User]

Yeah, this it's very impressive.

[link] [quote] 15-Feb-17 14:18 [Deactivated User]

Wow.