@[Deactivated User] I'm confused. Do you mean that by having the tag 'cases' my article is affecting others?
Nevermind, I see what you mean.
Nevermind, I see what you mean.
Cases
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All 18 of them!
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Aug 2017, 18:43.
[comments] utqcasesgrammarcase
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Ut'ȧq' is a fusional language, conjugating its verbs for voice, transitivity, person, number and tense. However, it also has several agglutinative features, most prominently in its case system. Cases in Ut'ȧq' can be split into 4 main categories:
- Morphosyntactic
- Relational
- Locative
- Stative
These cases are made up of the five basic cases that indicate the role of a noun or pronoun in a sentence. These cases are: nominative, ergative, agentive, accusative and dative and are declined as follows:
Pronouns:
| Singular | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -∅ | -tu | -uṭ |
| Ergative | -o | -to | -iǃuu |
| Agentive | -ir | -itir | -t'ir |
| Accusative | -e | -te | -eǃu |
| Dative | -ė | -ėṫṫi | -ėǃu |
Nouns:
| Singular | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -∅ | -ti | -uṭ |
| Ergative | -qqir | -qqirt | -ǃqir |
| Agentive | -ṫ'ir | -ṫ'irt | -ṫ'irū |
| Accusative | -ȧ | -ȧti | -ȧǃu |
| Dative | -zė | -ėzi | -zėǃu |
The morphosyntactic cases are the most complicated part of Ut'ȧq's case system, governing volition, agency and patientivity as Ut'ȧq's grammar is a blend of Tripartite, Split-Ergative and Fluid-S. However, whilst the case needed can usually be predicated based on the intended message, irregularities exist, such as how the desiderative and potential moods conflate the Ergative and Agentive into a single volitional, transitive agentive case. The volitional - non-volitional contrast arose as a merger of the original ergative and absolutive cases of Proto-Q'aatii with particles that marked the agent as either an experiencer (ʔir) or initiator (ʔuu). The initiator-ergative became the modern transitive volitional ergative, whilst the initiator-absolutive became the intransitive volitional agentive. The experiencer cases that arose subsequently merged into a single non-volitional case known as the nominative or patientive.
The nominative, also called the patientive case, is the unmarked case in Ut'ȧq'. It is used with the non-volitional subject of an intransitive or transitive verb or with predicative complements as there is no copula in Ut'ȧq'. This contrasts with attributive complements which take genitive. Nominative can also be used with a stative phrase (as in "she died") to indicate an emotional response on the part of the speaker.
oq'i ʡo.
fall.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PRSPresent tense (tense) 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I fall (accidentally).
ʡoiǃuu ǂqȧzuṭ
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few hunter-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
We are hunters.
The ergative is used with the volitional agent of a transitive verb and the subject of a predicative complement.
ǀʔo !q'oṫ'uu u̇̄kxȧȧ
eat.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRSPresent tense (tense) lizard-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity spider-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
A lizard eats a spider.
ʡoiǃuu ǂqȧzuṭ
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few hunter-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
We are hunters.
The agentive marks the volitional agent of an intransitive verb. It can also be used with a stative phrase (as in "her died") to indicate a lack of emotion on the part of the speaker.
The accusative is used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. Objects in the accusative come before objects in the dative and there are remnants of an old hierarchical system left in that pronouns come before animate nouns, which in turn come before inanimate nouns.
si ʡoo ṭėl ʡaao
kick.PRSPresent tense (tense).1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity DEFDefinite
"the".INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile sand-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I kick the sand.
ǀʔo !q'oṫ'uu u̇̄kxȧȧ
eat.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRSPresent tense (tense) lizard-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity spider-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
A lizard eats a spider.
The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a transitive verb. Objects in the dative come after objects in the accusative case and there are remnants of an old hierarchical system left in that pronouns come before animate nouns, which in turn come before inanimate nouns.
du ȧɟoi ṭo gerȧ ṭėl ɟjǡho t'ȧė
give.PRSPresent tense (tense).2Second person (person)
addressee (you) 2Second person (person)
addressee (you).FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity DEFDefinite
"the".ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving spineturtle-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity DEFDefinite
"the".INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile knife-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
You give him the knife and the spineturtle.
rāxi ʡoi ġihhȧ u̇ccė
tell.PRSPresent tense (tense).1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity story-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female-DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I tell her a story.
There are four relational cases: genitive, ornative, translative and revertive, that mark inter-noun relationships.
The genitive's primary role is to mark possession but it is also used with attributive complements on nouns, to indicate composition (wheel of cheese etc) and in apposition.
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