Lesson #2- Greetings!
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Hello? Goodbye?
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 9 May 2018, 14:08.
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2. Family- Culture
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5. Lesson #3- Numbers
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6. Sentence Structure
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So you wanna learn Terranese? Well, it’s your lucky day, bub!As in any language, the first thing most tutorials start off with is a taste of natural vocabulary. Use this a reference, use this as a stepping stone, use it as you will and want to, as I learn you some basic greetings, phrases, and basic word order.
Beginners Vocab:
Zerr. - Hello.
Nuozerr. - Goodbye. (literally “not hello”)
How are you? - Kerr zuaho?
I’m good. - Zuho zeurraho.
What time is it? - Hao zueho hashich?
What is your name? - Keo zuaho ga turre?
My name is... - Zuho gu turre...
Please? - Deurri?
Thank you. - Kodajuaho tao.
After reading these phrases, you could probably make your way around Terran (the alien planet) as a tourist with minimal problems. However, there’s so much more to learn than tourist phrases!
The first thing is simple word order. There’s a whole article about this, but I’ll go over it here- sentances in Terranese follow VSO or VOS. Questions always follow VOS.
Order:
Subject Verb- Subject-Object Verb-Object.
The verb is always first, and follows a pattern of verb/adjective/adverb order.
A question has the option to put the interrogative word first, before the verb, as in “Hao zueho hashich?”
“Hao” means “when,” but “zueho” means “it is.” Questions are the only time this happens- any other time is incorrect grammar.
Next thing is the wonderful world of pronouns! How else will you know what you’re talking about?
As we all know, pronouns replace nouns. Terranese has 3 types: Personal, Impersonal, and Possesive.
The easiest and first one you should learn are Personal pronouns. (Note: can someone please tell me how to use the table command?)
——Si - Pl - For
1st - Iorr-Kao-Torr
2nd - Iot-Ken-Tao
3rd ———-Kai-Ton
3rdM - Uka-Uku-Ut
3rdF - Ou-Ohu-Ot
3rdI - Ha-Haz
3rd person pronouns have 4 forms- indefinite, male, female, and inanimate. Terranese has no gender, but has gender in its pronouns for whatever reason, even though nothing else does. Terran linguists believe it came from a proto language that had gender, but as it evolved, lost gendering until nothing but pronouns were left.
Indefinite and Inanimate are tricky, here. Indefinite is equivalent to English they/them, and Inanimate is equal to it/they.
Terranese also has kept formality in its pronouns- these pronouns are special because they are the only pronouns you cannot drop. All other personal pronouns are capable of being dropped in a sentance, due to verb congugation- formal pronouns cannot, due to a lack of formal conjugation. If you are addressing a superior, a stranger, or somebody that commands respect, you must include a formal pronoun. It is considered rude and grammatically incorrect if you do not.
Keo zuaho tao ga turre?
[What/to be 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) PREPresent PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed/pers. pro. 2Second person (person)
addressee (you) FORMFormal case (case)
as, by way of/poss. pro. 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)/name]
What is your name?
Notice that the pronoun “Tao” goes after the verb and before the noun it’s referring to. This is an example of a rule of word order: auxiliary words like conjunctions, pronouns, and prepositions always go before the word they refer to. Words like for, my, your, beside, etc. will always go straight before the subject.
As another rule, pronouns follow an order of Impersonal/Personal/Possesive. That’s why “Tao” went before “Ga,” a possesive pronoun. If we had included an impersonal pronoun like “this,” it would have come before “Tao.”
Now for Possessive Pronouns! These are easy, but introduce a new type of grammatical form- contrafactual.
Contrafactual words are words that are not happening- they replace the need for “no.”
Possessive pronouns have this trait.
1S- Gu 1SC- Gun
1P- Gur 1PC- Gurun
2S- Ga 2SC- Gan
2P- Gar 2PC- Garan
3FS- Gi 3FSC- Gin
3FP- Gir 3FPC- Girin
3MS- Ge 3MSC- Gen
3MP- Ger 3MPC-Geren
3IS- Go 3ISC- Gon
3IP- Gor 3IPC- Goron
I think you can guess that the C in the abbreviations mean Contrafactual. These words mean that somebody does not possess something.
Oshoteuhon gun sheucha.
I don’t have my book.
You can also see that verbs have special conjugations for contrafactual. Very compact and neat!
The last pronouns are Impersonal Pronouns- pronouns like this, that, somebody, nobody, and interrogative words. These are all lumped into the same group because they all follow the same basic rules, excluding interrogatives, but those will be covered later.
All impersonals follow the same rule of being placed directly in front of the subject they refer to, or directly after the verb they refer to. These also follow the rule of being placed before the possessive and personal pronoun.
Unfortunately. theres a lot. I still don’t know how to do tables, so you get a list instead!
Kerr- Which
Ket- Who
Keo- What
Kat- Where
Hao- When
He- How
Ho- Why
Shi- This, these (thing, place, adjective)
Sha- This, these (person)
Noat- This, these (time)
Ruk- That, those (adjective)
Ruku- That, those (person)
Raka- That, those (thing, place)
Raku- That, those (time)
Orrk- Some
Orruku- Somebody
Orrak- Something
Orreku- Somewhere
Orruku- Sometime
Orrehe- Somehow
Orreho- Some reason
Na- No
Nake- Nobody
Eona- Nothing
Anta- Nowhere
Nao- Never
Kair- Every
Kaiyo- Everybody
Kain- Everything
Kaik- Everywhere
Kaig- Always
Kait- Every reason
Yes, a lot. Fortunately, they follow simple rules, and have the same basic meaning as in English. No need to memorize a whole list- use this as a reference for when you do need them.
Here’s a sentance with all three pronouns so you can see how they are used in a complete sentance:
Kat zureho kaiyo gor zioghe?
[where/to be 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed PREPresent/everybody/poss. pro. 3IPThird person inanimate plural (person)
them (inanimate)/house]
Where is everybody’s house?
That’s all for this lesson. Next lesson- Numbers and Syllabaries!
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