Ɔ Ñi Grammar
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developments and trends
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Jan 2017, 15:20.
[comments] onywangrammarmorphologynounsverbsadjectivessuffixesconjugationprefixes
1. From Wa Ñi to Ɔ Ñi
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3. Ɔ Ñi Grammar
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4. Ɔ Ñi Scratchpad
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?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
The tones are pretty intense. Basically there are phonemic 'descending' and 'ascending' accents that send floating tones left for several syllables. 'Descending' creates a low tone, sends a low tone left, and a high tone to the left of that. 'Ascending' creates a high tone and sends a low tone left. We abbreviate descending accent as D and ascending accent as A.
The floating tones dock to the previous word if 1. it is part of the same phrase and 2. it hasn't already had a floating tone attached to the end. Otherwise the floating tones disappear.
x-h, x-f > c
n-h > nc
o becomes u before -mpa and gains a N before a following word beginning in a stop or nasal.
a,ə > ɛ,e before y
a,ə > ɔ,o before w
some classes merge, double-marking of number in some cases, class 11 is no longer productive?
class 1/2 is reinforced with dùu + N since 1 and 2 become almost homophonous
construct state from tone changes caused by following particle
the possessive marking paradigm is condensed and lost in alienable nouns and with inanimate possessors of inalienable nouns. also obligatory possession?
beginnings of case marking with pronouns?
new pronouns- accusative ones from mo + pronoun and focus ones from dal 'side' as adposition
demonstratives from relative clauses 'sitting there', 'standing here', etc.
Construct state in inalienable nouns is created by attaching ØD, where Ø is a null syllable.
Classes:
3: -ñi
5: -oy,-e,-xa,Ne,V [note: beginning to fuse with 3/6]
6: -hə (cǝ/xǝ/ncǝ)
7: -kə,-o,-a,-u
8: (low tone on first syllable) [note: this class is beginning to turn into a 3/8 class]
9/10: Ø/hà--(ə,o,ɔ,e,ɛ)
11: -o (co/o/nto)
The old 1/2 class has become xuAñi-/xuAhə-, treated as a special type of 3/6 class. Some nouns retain the original -Q in the plural.
However, kinship terms are treated as 9/10 class.
crazy stuff with tones and mood
the subject pronoun clitics have become prefixes for polypersonal marking
and the accusative clitics do the same- as suffixes
serial verb constructions have become andative/venitive suffixes and directional suffixes? and aktionsart markers?
jespersen's cycle with negative marking -(m)pa and the tì= clitic, focus too?
the division of roles between 'irrealis' and 'conditional' changes
ubiquitous body part/instrumental prefixes
prefix-subject-stem-directional-neg-object
prefixes so far: 'hand' fəx, 'eye' ìu, 'mouth' we, 'leg/foot' ùci, 'head' xuA
subject: 1S ŋǝD, 1PI ma, 1PE ŋoD, 2S hi (becomes ci/shi/nci), 2P i, 4 oD
3 ñeD, 5 hǝD (hǝ/hǝ/ŋǝ), 6 iD, 7 oDǝ, 8 hǝD (hǝ/hǝ/ŋǝ), 9 toD, 10 hǝD (hǝ/hǝ/ŋǝ), 11 (f)oDǝ (coǝ/oǝ/ntoǝ)
'step': ǔcì-ŋǝ̀-cup, ùci-ma-cup, ǔcì-ŋò-cup, ùci-hi-cup, ùci-i-cup, ùcì-xú-cup
ǔcì-ñè-cup, ǔcì-hǝ̀-cup, ǔcì-ì-cup, ǔcì-òǝ-cup, ǔcì-hǝ̀-cup, ǔcì-tò-cup, ǔcì-hǝ̀-cup, ǔcì-òǝ-cup
stem: realis is citation form, irrealis has descending accent on first syllable, conditional has root + ɔ̀Da.
'step': ùci-cup, ùci-cupD, ùcǐ-cùpɔ̀a
'fly': fǝ-ɓɛ, fǝ-ɓɛD, fǝ́-ɓɛ̀ɔ̀a
'hug': fǝ-ñuk, fǝ-ñukD, fǝ́-ñùkɔ̀a
venitive suffix: -xháD, xhá after a low tone (becomes cá/xhá/Vrá)
ùci-cùcáD, ùci-cuDcá, ùcì-cùpɔ̂àxhá
andative suffixes: -e, -pak (the latter is used more for completed actions)
ùci-cupe, ùci-cupDe, ùcì-cùpɔ̀ae
ùci-cuxpak, ùci-cuxDpak, ùcì-cùpɔ̀apak
neg: tiDpu on intransitive verbs (from tì=po 'not a step'), tiD on transitive verbs
ǔcì-cùx-tìpu
fǝ-ɓɛD-tìpu
fǝ-ñukD-tì
object: 1S n/ǝn, 1PI ma, 1PE ñu, 2S hiiD (becomes cii/shii/ncii), 2P iiD, 4 pa
3 ñi, 5 hǝ (ha/ha/ŋa), 6 wi (becomes ci/shi/ŋwi), 7 ǝN, 8 a, 9 tu, 10 haD (becomes ha/ha/ŋa), 11 o (becomes co/o/nto)
fǝ-ñuk-ǝn, fǝ-ñux-ma, fǝ-ñux-ñu, fǝ-ñú-cìì, fǝ-ñúk-ìì, fǝ-ñux-pa
fǝ-ñux-ñi, fǝ-ñu-ha, fǝ-ñu-ci, fǝ-ñuk-ǝn, fǝ-ñuk-a, fǝ-ñux-tu, fǝ́-ñù-hà, fǝ-ñu-co
basially SVO now, still somewhat isolating
numbers above 5 move to the beginning of the noun phrase
converbs become prepositions
something something about verbs of motion and space
new markers of pragmatics, clitics that do something ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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