Yes, the title is a bit tongue in cheek
Grammaticalizational Affixes
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We explain how words can be productively transformed into related forms
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 20 Dec 2023, 14:36.
[comments] aneogrammarmorphologyaffixesderivational morphemessemantic morphemesdependent morphemes
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1. Derivational Morphemes
1.1. Nominalisers
1.1.1. -is
1.1.2. -æŋ
1.1.3. -єŋ
1.1.4. -oſ
1.2. Verbalisers
1.2.1. -se
2. Dependent Semantic Morphemes
2.1. The Negative Marker kg(a)-
2.2. Modifier Intensity
2.2.1. in-
2.2.2. khin-
2.2.3. en-
2.2.4. khen-
2.2.5. en- -nas
2.2.6. khen- -nas
Example
2.3. Agency Adjusters
2.3.1. -(φ)i volitional affix
2.3.2. -(φ)є non-volitional affix
1. Derivational Morphemes
1.1. Nominalisers
1.1.1. -is
This is a suffix that is added to verbs and modifiers to create a noun that means "someone/thing who is or does ___"
For example: awa awa, which means "to travel" becomes awais awais, which means "traveller"
1.1.2. -æŋ
This is a suffix that is added to verbs and modifiers to create a noun that means "something that is used to ___"
For example: kȣoſ kȣoſ, which means "to chop" becomes kȣoſæŋ kȣoſæŋ, which means "axe"
1.1.3. -єŋ
This is a suffix that is added to verbs to create a noun that is the prototypical/abstract object of that verb
For example: nȣ nȣ, which means "to sing" becomes nwєŋ nwєŋ, which means "song"
1.1.4. -oſ
This is a suffix added to modifier to make a noun that designates the degree of the modifier
For example: sel sel, which means "swift" becomes seloſ seloſ, which means "speed/ velocity"
1.2. Verbalisers
1.2.1. -se
This is a suffix that is added to nouns to create a verb that means "to give/bestow ___"
For example: fȣ φȣ, which means "respect" becomes fȣse φȣse, which means "to respect"
2. Dependent Semantic Morphemes
2.1. The Negative Marker
kg(a)-
This is a prefix added to any part of speech (regularly used on modifiers) to create the negative version of the word
Examples:
sel sel, which means "swift" becomes kgasel kgasel, which means "slow"
sєʏkhi sєʏkhi, which means "shiny" becomes kgasєʏkhi kgasєʏkhi, which means "dull"
alefє aleφє, which means "warrior" becomes kgalefє kgaleφє, which means "pacifist"
2.2. Modifier Intensity
These are prefixes/ circumfixes that are added to a pre-inflected modifier to change the degree of that modifier
2.2.1. in-
This creates a diminutive form of the modifier
2.2.2. khin-
This creates a negative, diminutive form of the modifier
2.2.3. en-
This creates an augmentative form of the modifier
*The augmentative is used as a comparative when it creates a distinction between multiple objects
For example: edєʎai enhlæʌ ɂænʌið єoðsn
edєʎai enhlæʌ ɂænʌið єoðsn
tree.NM AUG.heavy compared_to.M stone.ADP
"the tree, which is heavier than the stone"
2.2.4. khen-
This creates a negative, augmentative form of the modifier
2.2.5. en- -nas
This creates a superlative form of the modifier
2.2.6. khen- -nas
This creates a negative, superlative form of the modifier
| Example: hlæʌ "heavy" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
a little heavy |
inhlæʌ inhlæʌ | khinhlæʌ khinhlæʌ |
somewhat light |
heavy |
hlæʌ hlæʌ | khahlæʌ khahlæʌ |
not heavy |
very heavy |
enhlæʌ enhlæʌ | khenhlæʌ khenhlæʌ |
very light |
heaviest |
enhlæʌnas enhlæʌnas | khenhlæʌnas khenhlæʌnas |
least heavy |
2.3. Agency Adjusters
These are suffixes added to an inflected (pro)noun to change the agency of that noun in the sentence
While the suffix is connected to the noun, it really changes the meaning of the verb in the sentence
2.3.1. -(φ)i volitional affix
*the ⟨φ⟩ is only realized if the inflected noun already ends in ⟨i⟩
It gives the noun more intentionality in the sentence than it would have had in the normal reading
For example: lє ſinol lє ſinol, which means "I see" becomes lєi ſinol lєi ſinol, which means "I look [at/for]"
2.3.1. -(φ)є non-volitional affix
*the ⟨φ⟩ is only realized if the inflected noun already ends in ⟨є⟩
It gives the noun less intentionality in the sentence than it would have had in the normal reading
For example: lє roŋө nweiєo lє roŋө nweiєo, which means "I carved the face (as in sculpted)" becomes lєfє roŋө nweiєo lєφє roŋө nweiєo, which means "I scratched (unintentionally) the face"
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