Sound and Grammatical Changes from Proto-Libyic to Classical Libyic
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 29 Dec 2018, 18:22.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Archaic North Libyic (800 BC - 500 BC)
* Prepositions become declined by way of affixing the personal genitive clitics to the end of the preposition
- bē + -ma > bēma - Without Me
- pe + -ī > pī - With You
* Cases drop from 6 to 5 cases. Instrumental merges into Ablative.
* /y/ > /i/
* Initial /w/ drops off
- wīra > īra 'man'
* Intertonic vowels drop out. Front vowels front the preceding vowels. Dropped long vowels lengthen the preceeding vowel.
- labiyaw > lebyaw 'lip'
- zunχūmaw > zūnχmaw 'locust'
* /mn/ and /nm/ > /n:/
- amna > anna 'mine'
* /aw/ > /o/
- zunχūmaw > zūnχmaw > zūnχmo 'locust'
Old Libyic (500 BC to 200 BC)
* /ð/ > /d/
- būða > būda 'awake'
* Scentence structure becomes fixed at Verb Subject Object
* Second intertonic loss. Front vowels front preceeding vowel, rounded vowels round preceeding vowel. When a consonant cluster is created, velars are asybilated and dentals lenitiate to fricatives.
- falgata > falǰta 'toe'
* /χ/ > /h/. Rounds vowel before (or after if no vowel preceeds).
- χaprur > hoprur
* /χ/ > /o/ when no vowels
- zūnχmo > zūnomo 'vermin'
* /rs/, /ls/, and /ks/ > /ʂ ~ ʃ/
- prākstur > prāśtur 'priest'
- orse > ośe 'buttocks'
* /uwo/ and /uwu/ > /ū/
- kuwo > kū 'dog'
* Posession indicated by a pronomial affix stuck to end of noun
- en ośēs 'in his ass'
- este keśo en ohayī kūsyam 'There is a skull in my dogs mouth'
* 'to have' indictated by noun in ablative case followed by properly declined form of 'a' - 'to/at'
- este kūyī am - I have a dog
* Subjunctive mood becomes manditory to mark a dependent clause
Classical Libyic (200 BC to 400 AD)
* Termial /e/ drops out, fronts preceding vowel and palatalizes the preceeding vowel
- būdite > būdiś 'to awaken'
- este > ēś - he is
- ośe > uś - buttocks
* Feminine gender marked with a terminal /i/
* Velar and Dental preceeding /j/ becomes palatized
- kūsya > kūśa 'of the dog'
* intervocalic /j/ > /ʝ ~ d͡ʒ/, when before a back vowel
- kerya > kerǰa 'army'
* rise of a definite particle 'ur' from PIE '*r̥' 'for the purpose of'
- ur īra 'the man'
* Terminal /o/ drops off monosyllabic words. Rounds preceeding vowel. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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