Derivation
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Morphological derivation in Tandi
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 2 Nov 2017, 23:20.
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2. Derivation
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Semantic Change | Part of Speech | Example or Explanation | Prefix |
---|---|---|---|
male | noun → same | waiter: male waiter; actor: male actor | rär- |
female | noun → same | waiter: waitress; actor: actress | fas- |
both sexes together | noun → same | tuð- | |
relation by marriage | noun → same | brother: brother-in-law; father: father-in-law; friend: friend of one’s spouse | pes- |
former | noun → same | husband: ex-husband; musician: ex-musician | mol- |
antonym/opposite (of binary concepts) | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | up: down; long: short; large: small; clockwise: counterclockwise; follow: precede | jød- |
around | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | amble: circumabulate | wyr- |
through or via | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | pro- | øn- |
across | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | oceanic: trans-oceanic | þuut- |
reflexive (reduces valency) | verb → same | to kick: to kick oneself | prø- |
reciprocal (reduces valency) | verb → same | to kick: to kick each other/one another | kyr- |
in, at, or on | verb → same | beš- | |
into, to, or onto | verb → same | neir- | |
out, from, or off of | verb → same | luš- | |
negative/non- | noun/adjective → same | correct: incorrect; human: non-human; happy: unhappy | kiv- |
interrogative (question) | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | um- | |
pejorative (negative affect or poor opinion of object or action) | noun/verb → same | house: hovel; to write: to scrawl; weather: bad weather; person: scoundrel; word: profane word; mind: foul mind | gøþ- |
laudative (positive affect or good opinion of object or action) | noun/verb → same | to write: to script (i.e. to write calligraphy); weather: good weather; person: gentleperson (i.e. gentleman) | bas- |
affectionate (affectionate affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person) | noun → same | pris- | |
respectative (respectful affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person) | noun → same | dav- | |
intensifier | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | kom- | |
one of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “mono-“ or “uni-“ | har- |
two of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “du-“ or “bi-“ | kar- |
three of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “tri-“ | friar- |
four of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “quadri-“ | bryr- |
five of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | plir- | |
six of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | tjor- | |
seven of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | frør | |
eight of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | prar- | |
nine of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | teur- | |
ten of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | žur- | |
eleven of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | žuhar- | |
one hundred of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | hiker- | |
multiple/many of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “poly-“ or “multi-“ | iar- |
both of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | dexterous: ambidextrous | näde- |
together | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | to write: to co-write | vat- |
sudden or momentary action | verb → same | to light/shine: to flash | sul- |
accusative (increased transitivity) | verb → same | to rain: to water [plants]; to die: to kill; to have: to give; to heal (intransitive): to heal (transitive) | kaž- |
incorrectly, awry | verb → same | to place: to misplace; to accuse: to wrongly accuse; to understand: to misunderstand | gut- |
over again | verb → same | to send: to resend; to build: to rebuild | heš- |
back again | verb → same | to send: to send back; to light/shine: to reflect | lir- |
reversing an action | verb → same | to do: to undo | ker- |
to make into/cause to become | adjective → verb | knowledgeable: to teach; rational: rationalize | ez-il |
a product | noun → same | novelty: news; cow: beef | wit- |
a member, follower, participant, or inhabitant | noun → same (animate) | Christ: Christian; Marx: Marxist; America: American; family: family member; country: citizen; place: resident/inhabitant | äyð- |
a doctrine, system, or addiction | noun → same (abstract) | Christian: Christianity; communist: communism; alcohol: alcoholism | vyl- |
a collective group without a specific number | noun → same | tree: forest; word: dictionary; human: humanity; person: crowd; person+pejorative: mob; book: library; house: city; animal: flock/herd | ral- |
an abstraction | noun/adjective → noun (abstract) | friend: friendship; father: fatherhood; happy: happiness; sad: sadness; healthy: healthiness; quick: quickness; girly: girlishness | net- |
a place where a noun is sold | noun → same (inanimate) | book: bookstore; food: grocery store | fud- |
a leader or boss | noun → same (animate) | school: principal; city: mayor; office: boss | häm- |
an offspring or descendant | noun → same (animate) | cat: kitten; king: prince; tree: sapling; person: child; duck: duckling | tir- |
one characterized by an adjective | adjective → noun (animate) | youth: youth; holy: saint; near: neighbor | juz- |
full of | noun → adjective | mountain: mountainous; muscle: muscular; pore: porous; money: rich; word: verbose | zäl- |
lacking | noun → adjective | money: moneyless/poor; tooth: toothless; water: waterless; light: dark | dez- |
pertaining to | noun → adjective | mind: mental; world: global; tree: arboreal | sääm- |
made of | noun → adjective | gold: golden; wood: wooden | þad- |
resembling | noun → adjective | cat: catlike; mint: minty | gul- |
having a propensity or tendency of having a quality | adjective → same | sad: depressed | pus- |
Semantic Change | Part of Speech | Example or Explanation | Suffix |
---|---|---|---|
frequent, repeated, or continual action | verb → same | to shine: to shimmer; to spark: to sparkle | -est[il] |
separation, scattering | verb → same | to throw: to throw about/scatter; to give: to distribute; to break: to shatter | -amp[il] |
to use a noun in a typical way | noun → verb | tongue: to taste; ear: to hear; eye: to see; nose: to smell; hand: to feel; lip: to kiss; hammer: to hammer | -(o)nd[il] |
a process or action that usually results in a noun | noun → verb | snow: to snow | -(e)šk[il] |
an instance of a verb, an action, a process | verb → noun (abstract) | to walk: (a) walk; to speak: (a) speech (i.e. to give a speech) | - |
a machine | noun/verb → noun (non-abstract) | to write: typewriter; data: computer | - |
a thing or substance which typically results from a verb | verb → noun | to sweat: sweat; to cry: tear; to lactate: milk | - |
a thing or substance to which a verb is typically done | verb → noun | to eat: food/fodder; to think: thought | - |
an instrument | verb → noun (inanimate) | to play: toy; to cut: knife; to help: remedy | - |
one who is currently the agent of a verb | verb → noun (animate) | to run: runner; to swim: swimmer; to sing: singer | - |
one who is occupied with a verb habitually, as an amateur or professional | verb → noun (animate) | to teach: teacher; to run: runner; to sing: singer; to swim: swimmer | - |
one who is occupied with a noun habitually, as an amateur or professional | noun → same (animate) | tooth: dentist; music: musician; library: librarian | -(a)ge |
a place characterized by an action | verb → noun (inanimate) | to learn: school; to sell: store; to judge: court; to cook: kitchen; to sleep: bedroom; to heal: hospital/clinic | - |
a place characterized by a noun | noun → same (inanimate) | book: library; dog: kennel | -gyl |
diminutive | noun → same | house: hut; book: booklet; break: crack/fracture | -jim |
augmentative | noun → same | house: mansion; book: tome; human: giant | -woz |
worthy of | verb → adjective | to remember: memorable; to believe: credible; to trust: trustworthy | - |
possible | verb → adjective | to believe: believable; to see: visible | - |
having a propensity or tendency of doing a verb | verb → adjective | to play: playful; to talk: talkative; to believe: credulous; to inflame: flammable | - |
the quality of having taken an action | verb → adjective | to die: dead | - |
having a quality | adjective → adverb | quick: quickly; sad: sadly; happy: happily; girly: girlily; duckish: duckishly | -sy |
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