Derivation: view article

Tandi has a highly productive system of derivation using affixes. Most affixes are prefixes, though there are some suffixes. Additionally, some verbs can be converted directly to nouns, and some nouns directly to verbs, when the meaning is obvious (and none of the derivational affixes are sufficient).

[edit] [top]Prefixes

Semantic Change	Part of Speech	Example or Explanation	Prefix
male	noun → same	waiter: male waiter; actor: male actor	rär-
female	noun → same	waiter: waitress; actor: actress	fas-
both sexes together	noun → same		tuð-
relation by marriage	noun → same	brother: brother-in-law; father: father-in-law; friend: friend of one’s spouse	pes-
former	noun → same	husband: ex-husband; musician: ex-musician	mol-
antonym/opposite (of binary concepts)	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	up: down; long: short; large: small; clockwise: counterclockwise; follow: precede	jød-
around	verb/adjective(/noun) → same	amble: circumabulate	wyr-
through or via	verb/adjective(/noun) → same	pro-	øn-
across	verb/adjective(/noun) → same	oceanic: trans-oceanic	þuut-
reflexive (reduces valency)	verb → same	to kick: to kick oneself	prø-
reciprocal (reduces valency)	verb → same	to kick: to kick each other/one another	kyr-
in, at, or on	verb → same		beš-
into, to, or onto	verb → same		neir-
out, from, or off of	verb → same		luš-
negative/non-	noun/adjective → same	correct: incorrect; human: non-human; happy: unhappy	kiv-
interrogative (question)	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		um-
pejorative (negative affect or poor opinion of object or action)	noun/verb → same	house: hovel; to write: to scrawl; weather: bad weather; person: scoundrel; word: profane word; mind: foul mind	gøþ-
laudative (positive affect or good opinion of object or action)	noun/verb → same	to write: to script (i.e. to write calligraphy); weather: good weather; person: gentleperson (i.e. gentleman)	bas-
affectionate (affectionate affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person)	noun → same		pris-
respectative (respectful affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person)	noun → same		dav-
intensifier	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		kom-
one of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	like English “mono-“ or “uni-“	har-
two of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	like English “du-“ or “bi-“	kar-
three of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	like English “tri-“	friar-
four of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	like English “quadri-“	bryr-
five of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		plir-
six of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		tjor-
seven of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		frør
eight of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		prar-
nine of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		teur-
ten of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		žur-
eleven of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		žuhar-
one hundred of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same		hiker-
multiple/many of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	like English “poly-“ or “multi-“	iar-
both of something	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	dexterous: ambidextrous	näde-
together	noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same	to write: to co-write	vat-
sudden or momentary action	verb → same	to light/shine: to flash	sul-
accusative (increased transitivity)	verb → same	to rain: to water [plants]; to die: to kill; to have: to give; to heal (intransitive): to heal (transitive)	kaž-
incorrectly, awry	verb → same	to place: to misplace; to accuse: to wrongly accuse; to understand: to misunderstand	gut-
over again	verb → same	to send: to resend; to build: to rebuild	heš-
back again	verb → same	to send: to send back; to light/shine: to reflect	lir-
reversing an action	verb → same	to do: to undo	ker-
to make into/cause to become	adjective → verb	knowledgeable: to teach; rational: rationalize	ez-il
a product	noun → same	novelty: news; cow: beef	wit-
a member, follower, participant, or inhabitant	noun → same (animate)	Christ: Christian; Marx: Marxist; America: American; family: family member; country: citizen; place: resident/inhabitant	äyð-
a doctrine, system, or addiction	noun → same (abstract)	Christian: Christianity; communist: communism; alcohol: alcoholism	vyl-
a collective group without a specific number	noun → same	tree: forest; word: dictionary; human: humanity; person: crowd; person+pejorative: mob; book: library; house: city; animal: flock/herd	ral-
an abstraction	noun/adjective → noun (abstract)	friend: friendship; father: fatherhood; happy: happiness; sad: sadness; healthy: healthiness; quick: quickness; girly: girlishness	net-
a place where a noun is sold	noun → same (inanimate)	book: bookstore; food: grocery store	fud-
a leader or boss	noun → same (animate)	school: principal; city: mayor; office: boss	häm-
an offspring or descendant	noun → same (animate)	cat: kitten; king: prince; tree: sapling; person: child; duck: duckling	tir-
one characterized by an adjective	adjective → noun (animate)	youth: youth; holy: saint; near: neighbor	juz-
full of	noun → adjective	mountain: mountainous; muscle: muscular; pore: porous; money: rich; word: verbose	zäl-
lacking	noun → adjective	money: moneyless/poor; tooth: toothless; water: waterless; light: dark	dez-
pertaining to	noun → adjective	mind: mental; world: global; tree: arboreal	sääm-
made of	noun → adjective	gold: golden; wood: wooden	þad-
resembling	noun → adjective	cat: catlike; mint: minty	gul-
having a propensity or tendency of having a quality	adjective → same	sad: depressed	pus-

[edit] [top]Suffixes

Semantic Change	Part of Speech	Example or Explanation	Suffix
frequent, repeated, or continual action	verb → same	to shine: to shimmer; to spark: to sparkle	-est[il]
separation, scattering	verb → same	to throw: to throw about/scatter; to give: to distribute; to break: to shatter	-amp[il]
to use a noun in a typical way	noun → verb	tongue: to taste; ear: to hear; eye: to see; nose: to smell; hand: to feel; lip: to kiss; hammer: to hammer	-(o)nd[il]
a process or action that usually results in a noun	noun → verb	snow: to snow	-(e)šk[il]
an instance of a verb, an action, a process	verb → noun (abstract)	to walk: (a) walk; to speak: (a) speech (i.e. to give a speech)	-il -adro
a machine	noun/verb → noun (non-abstract)	to write: typewriter; data: computer	-il -(i)nko
a thing or substance which typically results from a verb	verb → noun	to sweat: sweat; to cry: tear; to lactate: milk	-il -uga
a thing or substance to which a verb is typically done	verb → noun	to eat: food/fodder; to think: thought	-il -iza
an instrument	verb → noun (inanimate)	to play: toy; to cut: knife; to help: remedy	-il -ud
one who is currently the agent of a verb	verb → noun (animate)	to run: runner; to swim: swimmer; to sing: singer	-il -ebo
one who is occupied with a verb habitually, as an amateur or professional	verb → noun (animate)	to teach: teacher; to run: runner; to sing: singer; to swim: swimmer	-~~(il)~~ -age
one who is occupied with a noun habitually, as an amateur or professional	noun → same (animate)	tooth: dentist; music: musician; library: librarian	-(a)ge
a place characterized by an action	verb → noun (inanimate)	to learn: school; to sell: store; to judge: court; to cook: kitchen; to sleep: bedroom; to heal: hospital/clinic	-il -ajad
a place characterized by a noun	noun → same (inanimate)	book: library; dog: kennel	-gyl
diminutive	noun → same	house: hut; book: booklet; break: crack/fracture	-jim
augmentative	noun → same	house: mansion; book: tome; human: giant	-woz
worthy of	verb → adjective	to remember: memorable; to believe: credible; to trust: trustworthy	-il -øbä
possible	verb → adjective	to believe: believable; to see: visible	-il -ipø
having a propensity or tendency of doing a verb	verb → adjective	to play: playful; to talk: talkative; to believe: credulous; to inflame: flammable	-il -uða
the quality of having taken an action	verb → adjective	to die: dead	-il -efer
having a quality	adjective → adverb	quick: quickly; sad: sadly; happy: happily; girly: girlily; duckish: duckishly	-sy

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