Derivation
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Morphological derivation in Tandi
This public article was written by nai888, and last updated on 2 Nov 2017, 23:20.
[comments] tangrammarmorphologyderivation
2. Derivation
3. Names
4. Nouns
5. Numerals
6. Pronouns
7. Verbs
Tandi has a highly productive system of derivation using affixes. Most affixes are prefixes, though there are some suffixes. Additionally, some verbs can be converted directly to nouns, and some nouns directly to verbs, when the meaning is obvious (and none of the derivational affixes are sufficient).[top]Prefixes
| Semantic Change | Part of Speech | Example or Explanation | Prefix |
|---|---|---|---|
| male | noun → same | waiter: male waiter; actor: male actor | rär- |
| female | noun → same | waiter: waitress; actor: actress | fas- |
| both sexes together | noun → same | tuð- | |
| relation by marriage | noun → same | brother: brother-in-law; father: father-in-law; friend: friend of one’s spouse | pes- |
| former | noun → same | husband: ex-husband; musician: ex-musician | mol- |
| antonym/opposite (of binary concepts) | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | up: down; long: short; large: small; clockwise: counterclockwise; follow: precede | jød- |
| around | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | amble: circumabulate | wyr- |
| through or via | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | pro- | øn- |
| across | verb/adjective(/noun) → same | oceanic: trans-oceanic | þuut- |
| reflexive (reduces valency) | verb → same | to kick: to kick oneself | prø- |
| reciprocal (reduces valency) | verb → same | to kick: to kick each other/one another | kyr- |
| in, at, or on | verb → same | beš- | |
| into, to, or onto | verb → same | neir- | |
| out, from, or off of | verb → same | luš- | |
| negative/non- | noun/adjective → same | correct: incorrect; human: non-human; happy: unhappy | kiv- |
| interrogative (question) | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | um- | |
| pejorative (negative affect or poor opinion of object or action) | noun/verb → same | house: hovel; to write: to scrawl; weather: bad weather; person: scoundrel; word: profane word; mind: foul mind | gøþ- |
| laudative (positive affect or good opinion of object or action) | noun/verb → same | to write: to script (i.e. to write calligraphy); weather: good weather; person: gentleperson (i.e. gentleman) | bas- |
| affectionate (affectionate affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person) | noun → same | pris- | |
| respectative (respectful affect or opinion of a noun, usually a person) | noun → same | dav- | |
| intensifier | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | kom- | |
| one of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “mono-“ or “uni-“ | har- |
| two of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “du-“ or “bi-“ | kar- |
| three of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “tri-“ | friar- |
| four of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “quadri-“ | bryr- |
| five of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | plir- | |
| six of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | tjor- | |
| seven of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | frør | |
| eight of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | prar- | |
| nine of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | teur- | |
| ten of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | žur- | |
| eleven of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | žuhar- | |
| one hundred of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | hiker- | |
| multiple/many of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | like English “poly-“ or “multi-“ | iar- |
| both of something | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | dexterous: ambidextrous | näde- |
| together | noun/verb/adjective/adverb → same | to write: to co-write | vat- |
| sudden or momentary action | verb → same | to light/shine: to flash | sul- |
| accusative (increased transitivity) | verb → same | to rain: to water [plants]; to die: to kill; to have: to give; to heal (intransitive): to heal (transitive) | kaž- |
| incorrectly, awry | verb → same | to place: to misplace; to accuse: to wrongly accuse; to understand: to misunderstand | gut- |
| over again | verb → same | to send: to resend; to build: to rebuild | heš- |
| back again | verb → same | to send: to send back; to light/shine: to reflect | lir- |
| reversing an action | verb → same | to do: to undo | ker- |
| to make into/cause to become | adjective → verb | knowledgeable: to teach; rational: rationalize | ez-il |
| a product | noun → same | novelty: news; cow: beef | wit- |
| a member, follower, participant, or inhabitant | noun → same (animate) | Christ: Christian; Marx: Marxist; America: American; family: family member; country: citizen; place: resident/inhabitant | äyð- |
| a doctrine, system, or addiction | noun → same (abstract) | Christian: Christianity; communist: communism; alcohol: alcoholism | vyl- |
| a collective group without a specific number | noun → same | tree: forest; word: dictionary; human: humanity; person: crowd; person+pejorative: mob; book: library; house: city; animal: flock/herd | ral- |
| an abstraction | noun/adjective → noun (abstract) | friend: friendship; father: fatherhood; happy: happiness; sad: sadness; healthy: healthiness; quick: quickness; girly: girlishness | net- |
| a place where a noun is sold | noun → same (inanimate) | book: bookstore; food: grocery store | fud- |
| a leader or boss | noun → same (animate) | school: principal; city: mayor; office: boss | häm- |
| an offspring or descendant | noun → same (animate) | cat: kitten; king: prince; tree: sapling; person: child; duck: duckling | tir- |
| one characterized by an adjective | adjective → noun (animate) | youth: youth; holy: saint; near: neighbor | juz- |
| full of | noun → adjective | mountain: mountainous; muscle: muscular; pore: porous; money: rich; word: verbose | zäl- |
| lacking | noun → adjective | money: moneyless/poor; tooth: toothless; water: waterless; light: dark | dez- |
| pertaining to | noun → adjective | mind: mental; world: global; tree: arboreal | sääm- |
| made of | noun → adjective | gold: golden; wood: wooden | þad- |
| resembling | noun → adjective | cat: catlike; mint: minty | gul- |
| having a propensity or tendency of having a quality | adjective → same | sad: depressed | pus- |
[top]Suffixes
| Semantic Change | Part of Speech | Example or Explanation | Suffix |
|---|---|---|---|
| frequent, repeated, or continual action | verb → same | to shine: to shimmer; to spark: to sparkle | -est[il] |
| separation, scattering | verb → same | to throw: to throw about/scatter; to give: to distribute; to break: to shatter | -amp[il] |
| to use a noun in a typical way | noun → verb | tongue: to taste; ear: to hear; eye: to see; nose: to smell; hand: to feel; lip: to kiss; hammer: to hammer | -(o)nd[il] |
| a process or action that usually results in a noun | noun → verb | snow: to snow | -(e)šk[il] |
| an instance of a verb, an action, a process | verb → noun (abstract) | to walk: (a) walk; to speak: (a) speech (i.e. to give a speech) | - |
| a machine | noun/verb → noun (non-abstract) | to write: typewriter; data: computer | - |
| a thing or substance which typically results from a verb | verb → noun | to sweat: sweat; to cry: tear; to lactate: milk | - |
| a thing or substance to which a verb is typically done | verb → noun | to eat: food/fodder; to think: thought | - |
| an instrument | verb → noun (inanimate) | to play: toy; to cut: knife; to help: remedy | - |
| one who is currently the agent of a verb | verb → noun (animate) | to run: runner; to swim: swimmer; to sing: singer | - |
| one who is occupied with a verb habitually, as an amateur or professional | verb → noun (animate) | to teach: teacher; to run: runner; to sing: singer; to swim: swimmer | - |
| one who is occupied with a noun habitually, as an amateur or professional | noun → same (animate) | tooth: dentist; music: musician; library: librarian | -(a)ge |
| a place characterized by an action | verb → noun (inanimate) | to learn: school; to sell: store; to judge: court; to cook: kitchen; to sleep: bedroom; to heal: hospital/clinic | - |
| a place characterized by a noun | noun → same (inanimate) | book: library; dog: kennel | -gyl |
| diminutive | noun → same | house: hut; book: booklet; break: crack/fracture | -jim |
| augmentative | noun → same | house: mansion; book: tome; human: giant | -woz |
| worthy of | verb → adjective | to remember: memorable; to believe: credible; to trust: trustworthy | - |
| possible | verb → adjective | to believe: believable; to see: visible | - |
| having a propensity or tendency of doing a verb | verb → adjective | to play: playful; to talk: talkative; to believe: credulous; to inflame: flammable | - |
| the quality of having taken an action | verb → adjective | to die: dead | - |
| having a quality | adjective → adverb | quick: quickly; sad: sadly; happy: happily; girly: girlily; duckish: duckishly | -sy |
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