Lesson #4
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Grammar Stuff 1 & To Be 1
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Nov 2019, 03:17.
[comments] iidlessonslesson 4
7. Tefiko Ếldrice
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Grammar Stuff & To BeA Bunch of Stuff I Couldn't Categorise Well
Sindielic has a chart of "correlatives"/miscellaneous non-personal pronouns similar to that of Esperanto. First find the desired column, then find the desired row; the cell where the two meet is the desired word. For example, what + way = how (as a relative pronoun). The chart is shown below. Note that the words in this chart may be turned into adjectives and do decline for case, gender, and number.
| "Correlatives" | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What | This | That | Some | Any | No | Every | |
| Person | ka | tha | sa | ta | quela | fai | ina |
| Thing | ko | tho | so | to | quelo | fao | ino |
| Person/Thing | kao | thao | sao | tao | quelao | fao | inao |
| Place | kaiso | thasio | saiso | taiso | quelaiso | faiso | inaiso |
| Time | katho | thatho | satho | tatho | quelatho | fatho | inatho |
| Way | kitro | thitro | sitro | titro | quelitro | faitro | initro |
| Amount | kaulo | thaulo | saulo | taulo | quelaulo | faulo | inaulo |
Two other miscellaneous grammar things (yes, that's the technical term) are endings for adjectives and adverbs and word order. Adjectives simply end in -e, and almost any word can be made into an adjective, though the outcome may not be particularly useful for some words, like ênde, meanining something along the lines of 'tree-ish' (sometimes, the genitive is more appropriate than an adjectival form, though both are technically correct, like nêndos, of tree(s)). For example, if ino means 'all of them/all of it' (as a noun), then ine means 'all' (as an adjective). Adverbs (words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs) are just as easy to construct; they simply end in -ie. For example, tofino means 'power', tofine means 'powerful', and tofinie means 'powerfully'. There are also comparatives (more/-er) and superlatives (most/-est). Comparatives end in -et and superlatives end in -eth; any adjective may be made into either. For example, yone means 'happy', yonet means 'happier', and yoneth means 'happiest'.
Something that may be confusing for speakers of analytical languages (like English) with set word orders (like Subject-Verb-Object) is Sindielic's very free word order. The subject (S) of a sentence is the acting force; the one performing the verb. The verb (V) is the action of a sentence, like 'be', 'run', or 'eat'. The direct object (O) of a sentence is the object or person to which/whom the verb is done. The generic word order is S-V-O or S-O-V, but it can change to emphasise something (by moving it to the beginning), for euphony (making the sentence sound better), or just because someone wants to (some people like to live dangerously). Also, questions aren't marked with a change in word order like English. Just saying a statement as a question gets the job done.
Oh, also, you can make adjectives, adverbs, and verbs negative with "fas" (" fa' " when before a word starting with a consonant), meaning not or no.
With sio, to be, we're jumping into our first verb. Luckily, it happens to be the easiest verb, as it doesn't decline for number, gender, or some tenses that other verbs have. The chart of its forms is so small, it might even be considered cute. Note that sentences wherein the verb is sio are almost always S-V-O.
But before we jump right into conjugation, I have to explain conjugation and define the forms. Boring? Yes. Important? Well, it is if you want to have any clue on what you're doing, unless you already have a bit of knowledge in linguistics. Conjugation is changing a verb to convey tense (when it happenned) and other information. The forms of sio I'll teach in this lesson are: infinitive (this is like "to + [verb]", but not where "to" means "in order to"; infinitive is the most basic form of a verb), past tense (happenned in the past), present tense (happenning right now), future tense (will happen), and imperative (a command).
Okay, here's the chart. Note that sio is the infinitive form.
| To Be: Sio | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Past Tense | Present Tense | Future Tense | Imperative |
| siat | se | sen | seque |
Isn't it cute?
awanwênte - hungry
sio - to be
sau - that (relative pronoun)
aikre - strong
darie - only, just (adverb)
o - and
ier - or
ne - the
dês - but
niono - beginning
Try to translate the following sentences. The answers are blacked out; hover over them with your mouse to reveal them to check your answers.
Kao se sao?
Who/what is that?
Kitrie tê se awanwênte?
How are you hungry?
Sa se ka tê se?
Is that who you are? (literally 'That is who you are?')
Seque aikre.
Be strong.
Tho se darie ne niono.
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