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Saio Grammar Notes - Saiyód Cajèys Sivóyanayes
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Here are some grammar notes about the Saio language! They're mostly for my own use.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 23 May 2021, 11:34.

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Menu 1. Verb Forms 2. Noun Case 3. Pronoun Cases
[edit] [top]Verb Forms

↳ The basic word order of Saio is VSO
1. Present Imperfective -> used for ongoing or incomplete actions and for expressing the habitual and the progressive
2. Present Perfective -> used for statements, finished or recently completed actions
3. Present Conditional -> conditional or hypothetical actions in the present along with advice, sometimes plays the role of a subjunctive or optative, marks a polite command
4. Present Imperative -> the imperative in the present is used for present tense commands and to form the causative
5. Present Interrogative -> used to ask questions, in any time frame
6. Past Imperfective -> used for incomplete past tense actions, actions that begun in the past and are continuing in the present or habitual actions in the past
7. Past Perfective -> used for completed past tense actions and near past statements
8. Past Conditional -> past tense situations that never occurred and hypothetical past actions, it also follows past imperfective statements in the Vayiroká dialect
9. Past Imperative -> expresses past tense commands and caustive actions in the past
10. Future Imperfective -> this verb form is used for immediative actions and actions that begun in the present but will end in the future
11. Future Perfective -> actions that will take place entirely in the future
12. Future Conditional -> future hypothetical or conditional events are expressed with this tense, it also plays the role of a future subjunctive
13. Future Imperative -> future commands and marking future vents in the causative and sometimes used for advice that will affect your future
↳ the gerund is marked by finding the stem of the verb (which is done by removing the infinitive ending) and then inserting the word gen
↳ the participle is formed by finding the stem and then suffixing iyéna
↳ negation and negative imperatives are formed by placing the particle ken after the verb
↳ changes in state are marked with placing the object in the locative case

[edit] [top]Noun Case

1. Nominative -> marks the subject of a transitive statement with an intransitive argument
2. Accusative -> marks the transitive direct object or the patient of nominative statement
3. Dative -> marks an indirect object, along with the beneficiary of an action, also used to mark the transfer of possession from one person to another, the dative also is also used to mark the possessed object in genitive constructions
4. Genitive -> used to show the possessor of an object, the order of possessive phrases are genitive-dative.
5. Instrumental -> this case is the equivalent of "with" or "using" in English, it also plays the role of an associative case when talking about people, the instrumental is also used as the equivalent of "going/moving through or towards" in other words an allative and ablative, it can also mark the similative
6. Locative -> used to express location or to talk abt when events will occur, it is also used to express the recipient of a dative action
7. Vocative -> used for direct address, particularly for names and religious concepts, it is also used following demonstrative pronouns, it is also used in some locative/instrumental constructions to mark either the origin or endpoint of movement
↳ double declensions are possible and common
↳ negation is marked by adding the particle ken before the noun

[edit] [top]Pronoun Cases

1. Nominative -> marks the subject
2. Accusative -> marks the patient
3. Dative -> marks the indirect, recipient of benefit, one who transfers possession
4. Genitive -> marks the possessor
5. Instrumental -> used as an associative, marks a reciprocal action
6. Locative -> marks a persons location (outside of the first person singular and plural), marks the recipient of a dative action, marks a reflexive action
7. Vocative -> used for direct address

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