Mawic Grammar V.
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Syntax
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Nov 2021, 20:07.
[comments] omwgrammarsyntax
2. Mawic grammar I.
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3. Mawic grammar II.
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4. Mawic grammar III.
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5. Mawic Grammar IV.
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6. Mawic Grammar V.
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The most common word order in OMW is SOV, but if the roles (subject, direct object, indirect object...) are marked, it can be changed for poetic purposes, or applying emphasis.
Old Mawic is strongly head final.
Negation is done by using "ada" (ada) - no/not after the negated verb as an adverb.
Min-ig
Min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
berdi-b
berdi-b
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
or
Berdi-b
Berdi-b
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
min-ig
min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I'm going to the city.
VS
Min-ig
Min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
berdi-b
berdi-b
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
ada
ada
aða
NEGNegative (polarity)
not
or
Berdi-b
Berdi-b
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
min-ig
min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
ada
ada
aða
NEGNegative (polarity)
not
I'm not going to the city.
Purpose
Min-ig
Min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
berdi-b,
berdi-b,
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
sésëlḑig
sésëlḑig
se:səld͡ʒig
lamb.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
úvon
úvon
u:von
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ídi-fa
ídi-fa
i:difa
sell-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
I'm going to the city to sell my lambs.
or
Min-ig
Min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
berdi-b,
berdi-b,
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
sésëlḑig
sésëlḑig
se:səld͡ʒig
lamb.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
úvon
úvon
u:von
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ídi-rm-ig
ídi-rm-ig
i:dirmig
sell-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I'm going to the city, I will sell my lambs.
Contrast
Min-ig
Min-ig
minig
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
berdi-b,
berdi-b,
bɛrdib
city-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
na
na
na
but
sésëlḑig
sésëlḑig
se:səld͡ʒig
lamb.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
úvon
úvon
u:von
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ídi-rm-ig
ídi-rm-ig
i:dirmig
sell-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
ada
ada
ˈaða
NEGNegative (polarity)
not
I'm going to the city, but I will not sell my lambs.
Min-rm-ig
Min-rm-ig
ˈminr̩mɨg
go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
gulgu-b,
gulgu-b,
ˈgʲulgub
celebration-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
na
na
na
but
ebda
ebda
ˈɛbda
rain.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
eb.
eb.
ˈɛb
fall.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
I will go to the party, but it is raining
Consequence
Min-rm-ig
Min-rm-ig
ˈminr̩mɨg
go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
gulgu-b,
gulgu-b,
ˈgʲulgub
celebration-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
çízig
çízig
ˈt͡ʃi:zɨg
because
ebda
ebda
ˈɛbda
rain.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
eb.
eb.
ˈɛb
fall.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
I go to the party, because it is raining
Min-rm-ig
Min-rm-ig
ˈminr̩mɨg
go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
gulgu-b,
gulgu-b,
ˈgʲulgub
celebration-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
çízig
çízig
ˈt͡ʃi:zɨg
because
jeli-g
jeli-g
ˈʒʲɛlɨg
beer-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
lefa-fa
lefa-fa
ˈlɛfafa
drink-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
kírmig-ig.
kírmig-ig.
ˈki:rmɨɣɨg
can.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events.FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I go to the party, so (that) I can drink beer
Min-rm-ig
Min-rm-ig
ˈminr̩mɨg
go-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
gulgu-b,
gulgu-b,
ˈgʲulgub
celebration-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
pékiz
pékiz
ˈpe:kit͡s
so
"Çiti dus!"
"Çiti dus!"
ˈt͡ʃiθi ˈdus
good_bye
idij-ir-dig.
idij-ir-dig.
ˈiðiʒirdɨg
say-PREPresent.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.IMPImperative (mood)
command-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
I go to the party, so say goodbye (to me)!
Relative phrases are simple. They need to begin with a relative pronoun (what, who, which, where, ect...). The relative phrase in the sentence below (who buys an apple) is treated as an adjective modifying the noun, therefore it is inserted in the place of the adjective. In writing relative phrase is bordered by commas.
Kúfo-g,
Kúfo-g,
ku:fog
man-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
çízez-eg
çízez-eg
t͡ʃi:zɛzɛg
who.RELRelative-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
ma-g
ma-g
mag
apple-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
rim,
rim,
rim
buy.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
diti-g
diti-g
diθig
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I see the man who buys an apple.
(I'm not 100% sure how syntax trees work)
If the noun already has an adjective, the relative phrase comes after the adjective.
Kúfo-g
Kúfo-g
ku:fog
man-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
etág-ag,
etág-ag,
ɛθa:gag
tall-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
çízez-eg
çízez-eg
t͡ʃi:zɛzɛg
who.RELRelative-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
ma-g
ma-g
mag
apple-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
kúzog-og
kúzog-og
ku:zoɣog
red-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
rim,
rim,
rim
buy.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
diti-g
diti-g
diθig
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I see the tall man who buys a red apple.
The structure of comparative phrases is similar to the
Ancient-Mawic structure. Instead of the old ablative case, the postposition çíǵ (from) is used.(Tig)
(Tig)
(ˈtɨg)
(3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee)
Etág-ab
Etág-ab
ɛθa:gab
tall-INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.COMPComparative (comparison)
e.g. 'better'
ḑíşi-n
ḑíşi-n
d͡ʒi:ʃin
brother-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çen
çen
t͡ʃɛn
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ
çíǵ
ˈt͡ʃi:ɣ
from
She is taller than her brother.
To create positional phrases, we must use postpositions with the dative and genitive cases. You can read more about it in THIS ARTICLE
Ke
Ke
ˈkɛ
if
kiçi-rmig-dig,
kiçi-rmig-dig,
ˈkit͡ʃirmɨgdɨg
come-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
pmerb-e
pmerb-e
ˈpmɛrbɛ
early-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
kriwma-n
kriwma-n
ˈkriwman
hall-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ˈta
in
tu-r-dug.
tu-r-dug.
ˈturdʉg
wait-IMPImperative (mood)
command.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
If you come early, wait in the hall.
Drgeven
Drgeven
dr̩ˈgɛvɛn
basket.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
pebrada
pebrada
ˈpɛbraða
cover.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
ríş-ib
ríş-ib
ˈri:ʃib
floor-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
eb-
eb-
eb-
fall.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
Tóǵ-u
Tóǵ-u
to:ɣu
river-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
dída-g
dída-g
di:dag
way-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
dibme-b
dibme-b
dibmɛb
sea-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
keg
keg
kɛg
know.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The river knows the way to the sea.
Içitr-ib
Içitr-ib
ˈit͡ʃitrib
garden-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
ta
ta
ˈta
to
peyra-g
peyra-g
ˈpʲe:rag
walk.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I'm walking into the garden.
Içitr-en
Içitr-en
ˈit͡ʃitrɛn
garden-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ˈta
to
peyra-g
peyra-g
ˈpʲe:rag
walk.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I'm walking in the garden.
Kúfo
Kúfo
ku:fo
man.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
tlisig-iz
tlisig-iz
tlisiɣit͡s
leave.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
Did the man leave?
Most of the things are considered to be countable in OMW, but for those are not, there are some special rules.
Kuta-n
Kuta-n
ˈkuθan
flour-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ
çíǵ
ˈt͡ʃɨ:ɣ
from
la-tég
la-tég
ˈlaθe:g
bag-ful.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
du-g
du-g
ˈdʉg
have.ALAlienable (possession)
thing that can be gained or lost.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I have a bag of flour.
Dévi
Dévi
de:vi
sun.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
ḑíy
ḑíy
d͡ʒi:j
shine.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The sun shines.
Dévi
Dévi
de:vi
sun.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
ḑíy
ḑíy
d͡ʒi:j
shine.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The sun is shining.
The sun shone.
The sun will shine.
The sun has been shining.
The sun is shining again.
The sun will shine tomorrow.
The sun shines brightly.
The bright sun shines.
The sun is rising now.
All the people shouted.
Some of the people shouted.
Many of the people shouted twice.
Happy people often shout.
The kitten jumped up.
The kitten jumped onto the table.
My little kitten walked away.
Eb
Eb
ˈɛb
fall.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
It's raining.
The rain came down.
The kitten is playing in the rain.
The rain has stopped.
Soon the rain will stop.
I hope the rain stops soon.
Once wild animals lived here.
Slowly she looked around.
Min-ir-dig
Min-ir-dig
min-ir-dig
go-PREPresent.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.IMPImperative (mood)
command-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) sigib
sigib
siɣib
away
Go away!
Let's go!
You should go.
I will be happy to go.
He will arrive soon.
The baby's ball has rolled away.
Gi-ḑi
Gi-ḑi
ˈgid͡ʒi
boy.DUDual (number)
two.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
góro
góro
ˈgo:ro
work.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
ku
ku
ˈku
together
The two boys are working together.
This mist will probably clear away.
Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
We should eat more slowly.
You have come too soon.
You must write more neatly.
Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
Henry's dog is lost.
Mizi
Mizi
mizi
cat.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
úvon
úvon
u:von
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
tóyz
tóyz
to:jz
black.INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent
My cat is black.
The little girl's doll is broken.
I usually sleep soundly.
The children ran after Jack.
I can play after school.
We went to the village for a visit.
Tóǵ-ub
Tóǵ-ub
to:ɣub
river-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
tig
tig
tig
at
kiçi-ved-gig
kiçi-ved-gig
kit͡ʃivɛdgig
arrive-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive)
We arrived at the river.
I have been waiting for you.
The campers sat around the fire.
A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
The child waited at the door for her father.
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
Were you born in this village?
Can your brother dance well?
Kúfo
Kúfo
ku:fo
man.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
tlisig-iz
tlisig-iz
tlisiɣit͡s
leave.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
Did the man leave?
Is your sister coming for you?
Can you come tomorrow?
Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
Does the robin sing in the rain?
Are you going with us to the concert?
Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
We sailed down the river for several miles.
Everybody knows about hunting.
On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
Drgeven
Drgeven
dr̩ˈgɛvɛn
basket.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
pebrada
pebrada
ˈpɛbraða
cover.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
ríş-ib
ríş-ib
ˈri:ʃib
floor-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
eb-
eb-
eb-
fall.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
Siti
Siti
siθi
when.INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions
içi-gi
içi-gi
it͡ʃiɣi
guest-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
dun
dun
dun
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).GENGenitive (case)
possessive
berdi-n
berdi-n
bɛrdin
city-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ
çíǵ
t͡ʃi:ɣ
from
kiçi-rmig
kiçi-rmig
kit͡ʃirmig
arrive-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
When will your guests from the city arrive?
Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
I am very happy.
These oranges are juicy.
Sea water is salty.
The streets are full of people.
Etéta
Etéta
ɛθe:ta
sugar.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
yedeg-da
yedeg-da
jɛðɛgda
taste.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
etéz-e
etéz-e
ɛθe:zɛ
sweet-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
Sugar tastes sweet.
Súj-u
Súj-u
su:ʒu
fire-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
úgro-do
úgro-do
u:groðo
feel.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
mi-e
mi-e
miɛ
hot.ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
The fire feels hot.
The little girl seemed lonely.
The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
I have lost my blanket.
A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
Their voices sound very happy.
Is today Monday?
Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
Todo-n
Todo-n
ˈtoðon
time-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ta
in
réwi
réwi
ˈre:wi
ready.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
de-rmiz-te-dig?
de-rmiz-te-dig?
ˈdɛrmizdɛðig
be.FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.DYNDynamic.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Will you be ready on time?
Will you send this message for me?
Úvug
Úvug
ˈu:vug
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
tu-z-dug?
tu-z-dug?
ˈtuzdug
wait-PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INTERRInterrogative mood (mood)
asks questions-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Are you waiting for me?
Is this the first kitten of the litter?
Are these shoes too big for you?
How wide is the River?
Lewra-r-dig!
Lewra-r-dig!
lɛwrardig
listen-IMPImperative (mood)
command.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Listen.
Sit here by me.
Keep this secret until tomorrow.
Come with us.
Bring your friends with you.
Be careful.
Have some tea.
Pip and his dog were great friends.
John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
You and I will go together.
They opened all the doors and windows.
He is small, but strong.
Is this tree an oak or a maple?
Does the sky look blue or gray?
Come with your father or mother.
Úb
Úb
u:b
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument plegew
plegew
plɛɣɛw
tired.INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent na
na
na
but wi
wi
wi
happy.INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent máb
máb
ma:b
very
I am tired, but very happy.
He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
The first part of the story is very interesting.
The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
Stop your game and be quiet.
The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
Do you like summer or winter better?
That boy will have a wonderful trip.
They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
Xa
Xa
xa
aha
dug
dug
dug
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
şdétád-ig
şdétád-ig
ʃde:ta:dig
catch.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
Aha! I have caught you!
This string is too short!
Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
Alas! that news is sad indeed!
Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
Are you warm enough now?
They heard the warning too late.
We are a brave people, and love our country.
All the children came except Mary.
Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
Our bird's name is Jacko.
Tóǵ-u
Tóǵ-u
to:ɣu
river-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
dída-g
dída-g
di:dag
way-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
dibme-b
dibme-b
dibmɛb
sea-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
keg
keg
kɛg
know.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The river knows the way to the sea.
The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
We learn something new each day.
The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
Did you find the distance too great?
Hurry, children.
Madam, I will obey your command.
Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
Tell the last part of that story again.
Be quick or you will be too late.
Will you go with us or wait here?
She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
Think first and then act.
I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
We consider them our faithful friends.
We will make this place our home.
The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
Ged-ig
Ged-ig
gɛðig
hurt.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I úvuǵg-ug
úvuǵg-ug
u:vuɣg-ug
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.REFLReflexive (valency)
argument acts on itself-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
I hurt myself.
She was talking to herself.
He proved himself trustworthy.
We could see ourselves in the water.
Do it yourself.
I feel ashamed of myself.
Sit here by yourself.
The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
The boy who brought the book has gone.
These are the flowers that you ordered.
Séçé=vig
Séçé=vig
ˈse:t͡ʃe:vɨg
book=SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
çízez-g,
çízez-g,
ˈt͡ʃi:zɛzg
what.RELRelative
íd=id-dig
íd=id-dig
ˈi:did:ɨg
give=past.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
úvub,
úvub,
ˈu:vub
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
éta-g.
éta-g.
ˈe:tag
lose.PREPresent.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I have lost the book that you gave me.
The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
Come when you are called.
I shall stay at home if it rains.
When he saw me, he stopped.
Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
I shall lend you the books that you need.
Come early next Monday if you can.
Ke
Ke
ˈkɛ
if
kiçi-rmig-dig,
kiçi-rmig-dig,
ˈkit͡ʃirmɨgdɨg
come-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
pmerb-e
pmerb-e
ˈpmɛrbɛ
early-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
kriwma-n
kriwma-n
ˈkriwman
hall-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ˈta
in
tu-r-dug.
tu-r-dug.
ˈturdʉg
wait-IMPImperative (mood)
command.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
If you come early, wait in the hall.
I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
I have found the ring I lost.
Play and I will sing.
That is the funniest story I ever heard.
(Tig)
(Tig)
(ˈtɨg)
(3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee)
Etág-ab
Etág-ab
ɛθa:g-ab
tall-INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent.COMPComparative (comparison)
e.g. 'better'
ḑíşi-n
ḑíşi-n
d͡ʒi:ʃi-n
brother-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çen
çen
t͡ʃɛn
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ.
çíǵ.
t͡ˈʃi:ɣ
from
She is taller than her brother.
They are no wiser than we.
Light travels faster than sound.
We have more time than they.
She has more friends than enemies.
He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
I am sure that we can go.
We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
"This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
Why he has left the city is a mystery.
Kéj-i
Kéj-i
ˈke:ʒi
house-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
çíziþyiz,
çíziþyiz,
ˈt͡ʃi:ziθʲit͡s
where.RELRelative
tiǵg
tiǵg
ˈtɨv:
three.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
dída
dída
ˈdi:da
road.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
yeñz,
yeñz,
ˈjɛɲz
meet.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
ed
ed
ˈɛd
stand.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
titig.
titig.
ˈtiθɨg
there
The house stands where three roads meet.
He has far more money than brains.
Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.
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