Mawic grammar III.: view article

Class I.: The old stem ended with a long vowel, the vowel before the affix must become long again. If it ended with /z/, /g/, /s/ or /r/, the basic suffixes are added directly to the stem.

Class II.: The old stem ended with /k/, the last consonant is removed, and the vowel before becomes long.

Class III.: The old stem ended with /t/.

Class IV.: The old stem ended with /n/, the word final /n/ assimilates with the accusative affix -g .

Class V.: The old stem ended with /q/ or /qʰ/.

Class VI.: The old stem ended with /w/.

Class VII.: The old stem ended with /d/.

Class VIII.: The old stem ended with /p/.

Class IX.: The noun has an irregular pattern with inflected stem.

Class X.: The old stem ended with /uq/.

Class XI.: The old stem ended with /oq/.

Class XII.: The noun has an irregular pattern (different from class XII) with inflected stem.

Class XIII.: The old stem ended with /f/.

Class XIV.: The old stem ended with vowel + /j/.

Class XV.: The old stem ended with /mp/, /mb/ or /b/.

Palatalization rules

Sometimes consonants of the noun stem palatalize before /i/ or /j/.
/d/ and /g/ turns into /d͡ʒ/
/t/ and /k/ turns into /t͡ʃ/
ect...
It is very hard to predict when this happens, but the suffix classes help us.

Vowel shifting rules

Vowel shifting, or umlaut happens, when there is an /i/ in the suffix. It turns /ɛ/ into /i/ and /a/ into /ɛ/ in the original noun stem. It does not occur in noun stems that already had a vowel shift, or in back vowel words. For example: /ɛ/ will not turn into /i/ if it was /ø/ in the old form. These words are marked in the dictionary with "UML" tag.

Vowel harmony rules

It is the simplest thing. If we add a suffix to a noun stem ending with a back vowel, the /i/ of the suffix must turn into /u/, and the /ɛ/ into /o/.

[edit] [top]Nouns: Noun case affixes - Dénitegi: kiþyágen kividrdegi - Dénitegi: kiþyágen kividrdegi

Nouns of Old Mawic are pretty confusing. During the evolution from Ancient-Mawic, a lot of irregularities emerged. The noun stem, the number and the case suffixes merged together. There are 15 main patterns of noun affixes, and several other rules to tell what happens to the noun stem. Unfortunately it is very hard to tell which word belongs into which class.

Another new feature in Old Mawic is the indefinite number. The unmarked form of the noun, which was previously the absolutive now refers to a general thing, or the abstract concept of the noun. Also the indefinite noun does not inflect for case.

Gevír
ˈgɛvi:r
wine.INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent miki-g
ˈmɨxɨg
like.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I like wine (In general, any kind of wine).

Gevír-ig
ˈgɛvi:rɨg
wine-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity miki-g
ˈmɨxɨg
like.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I like wine (This/that specific kind of).

Class	Case	Number				Class	Case	Number				Class	Case	Number
Class	Case	INDFIndefinite a nonspecific referent	SGSingular (number) one countable entity	DUDual (number) two	PLPlural (number) more than one/few	Class	Case	INDFIndefinite a nonspecific referent	SGSingular (number) one countable entity	DUDual (number) two	PLPlural (number) more than one/few	Class	Case	INDFIndefinite a nonspecific referent	SGSingular (number) one countable entity	DUDual (number) two	PLPlural (number) more than one/few
CLASS I.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	unmarked/ -i	-ḑ(i)	-gi	CLASS II.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-i/irregular¹	-ḑ(i)¹	-gi¹	CLASS III.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-ti/irregular¹	-çi¹	-ki¹
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-g	-ḑig/ḑug	-ḑig/gug		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg¹	-Vḑig¹	-Vḑig¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-teg¹	-çig¹	-çig¹
	GENGenitive (case) possessive		-n	-ḑen/ḑon	-gen/gon		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-en¹	-eḑen¹	-egen¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-ten¹	-çen¹	-ken¹
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-b	-ḑib/ḑub	-ḑib/gub		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb¹	-Vḑib¹	-Vḑib¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-teb¹	-çib¹	-çib¹

CLASS IV.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-i	-ñ(i)¹	-gi	CLASS V.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-yi¹/often irregular	-ḑ(i)¹	-gi¹	CLASS VI.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-vi¹	-yi	-gi
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-g¹	-ñig¹	-ḑig		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg¹	-ḑig¹	-gig¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-vig¹	-yig	-ḑig
	GENGenitive (case) possessive		-en	-ñen¹	-gen		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-en¹	-ḑen¹	-gen¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-ven¹	-yen	-gen
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb	-ñib¹	-ḑib		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb¹	-ḑib¹	-gib¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-vib¹	-yib	-ḑib

CLASS VII.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-ti¹	-ḑi¹	-gi¹	CLASS VIII.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-f(i)¹	-pyi¹	-ki¹	CLASS IX.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-(u)	-yu	-gu
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg	-ḑig¹	-ḑig¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-fVg¹	-pyig¹	-çig¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg	-yug	-gug
	GENGenitive (case) possessive		-en	-ḑen¹	-gen¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-fen¹	-pyen¹	-ken¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-on	-yon	-gon
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb	-ḑib¹	-ḑib¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-fVb¹	-pyib¹	-çib¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb	-yub	-gub

CLASS X.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-w¹	-wḑ¹	-wǵu¹	CLASS XI.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-w¹	-Vḑ¹	-Vgu¹	CLASS XII.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-i	-i	-gi
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-wg¹	-wḑug¹	-wǵug¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg¹	-Vḑug¹	-Vgug¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-Vg	-ig	-ḑig
	GENGenitive (case) possessive		-on¹	-wḑon¹	-wǵon¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-on¹	-Vḑon¹	-Vgon¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-en	-en	-gen
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-wb¹	-wḑub¹	-wǵub¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb¹	-Vḑub¹	-Vgub¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-Vb	-ib	-ḑib

CLASS XIII.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-fi¹	-pyi¹	-ki¹	CLASS XIV.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-ḑu¹	-yu	-gu	CLASS XV.	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	unmarked	-vi¹	-vVḑi¹	-vVgi¹
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-fVk¹	-pyig¹	-kig¹		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-ḑVg¹	-yug	-gug		ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient		-vVg¹	-Vvḑig¹	-Vvgig¹
	GENGenitive (case) possessive		-fen¹	-pyen¹	-ken¹		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-ḑon¹	-yon	-gon		GENGenitive (case) possessive		-ven¹	-vVḑen¹	-vVgen¹
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-fVb¹	-pyib¹	-kib¹		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-ḑub¹	-yub	-gub		DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location		-vVb¹	-vVḑib¹	-vVgib¹

¹The last consonant of the stem is removed.

Sample sentences

Here are some sentences, that show the different forms of a word.

Drgew
Drgew - n. basket [CLASS VI., UML, ALAN]
[dr̩ˈgɨ:]

Drgew
dr̩ˈgɨ:
basket.INDFIndefinite
a nonspecific referent ñúd-do
ˈɲud:a
need.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
A basket is needed.

Drgivi
dr̩ˈgivi
basket.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity teǵg-i
ˈtəʋ:i
empty-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity da
da
be.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The basket is empty.

Drgiwgi
dr̩ˈgɨ:gi
basket.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few teǵg-i
ˈtəʋ:i
empty-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few da
da
be.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'
The baskets are empty.

Drgeveg
dr̩ˈgɛvɛg
basket.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity bekre-w-ig
ˈbɛkrɛbɨg
bring-PREPresent.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I bring a basket.

Drgeven
dr̩ˈgɛvɛg
basket.GENGenitive (case)
possessive.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity éki
e:ki
handle.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity ñi-ved-da
ˈɲivɛd:a
tear-PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed
The basket's handle is torn.

Drgeveb
dr̩gɛvɛb
basket.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity min-ig
ˈminɨg
go.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I'm going to the basket.

[edit] [top]Nouns: Countable/Uncountable items - Dénitegi: çégi ḑimkigi/ḑimkísigi - Dénitegi: çégi ḑimkigi/ḑimkísigi

Most of the things are considered to be countable in OMW, but for those are not, there are some special rules.

Liquids (water, wine, oil, milk), grains (wheat, barley, sugar, sand, pebbles), powders (flour, ash, dust, spices), raw materials (gold, stone, iron, bronze) and some abstract concepts (art, poetry, freedom) are considered to be uncountable.

Uncountable items have no plural, nor dual number.

When talking about quantity of uncountable items, we must use a word + the suffix -teg as a unit. For example: a block of stone, a bucket of milk, glass of wine, handful of gold, ect...

Kuta-n
Kuta-n
ˈkuθan
flour-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ
çíǵ
ˈt͡ʃɨ:ɣ
from
la-tég
la-tég
ˈlaθe:g
bag-ful.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
du-g
du-g
ˈdʉg
have.ALAlienable (possession)
thing that can be gained or lost.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

I have a bag of flour.

Uncountable items can be turned into countable by using them as an abstract concept. For example take stone. Stone can be used as an abstract concept if we refer different kind of stones (marble, limestone, granite, ect...)

[edit] [top]Nouns: Alienablity - Dénitegi: Rikegseg - Dénitegi: Rikegseg

In OMW there are alienable (rikeg - rikeg) and inalienable (erikeg - erikeg) nouns. Inalienable nouns are obligatorily possessed by their possessor. It might be either another noun or a pronoun. Inalienable nouns are body parts, kinship terms, some social roles, part-whole relationships, and so on. For example:

*Lefeg
*Lefeg
ˈlɛfɛg
hand.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
diti-g
diti-g
ˈdiθɨg
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
*I see the/a hand.
*Ungrammatical

VS.

Lefeg
Lefeg
ˈlɛfɛg
hand.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
çen
çen
ˈt͡ʃɛn
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
diti-g
diti-g
ˈdiθɨg
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I see his/her hand.

Some words can be both, depending on the meaning. For example:

Kúm-og
Kúm-og
ˈku:mag
girl-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
diti-g
diti-g
ˈdiθɨg
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I see the/a girl (alienable).

Kúm-og
Kúm-og
ˈku:mag
girl-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
tinkin
tinkin
ˈtinkin
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FORFormal (respect/formality)
for formal situations.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
diti-g
diti-g
ˈdiθɨg
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I see his/her daughter (inalienable).

There are two different possessive verbs (like to have in english) for alienable and inalienable nouns. Du (du) for alienable possession:

Néy-ig
Néy-ig
ˈne:jɨg
horse-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
du-g
du-g
ˈdʉg
have.ALAlienable (possession)
thing that can be gained or lost.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I have the/a horse. (alienable)

And teti/ta (teti/ta) for inalienable possession:

Yu-g
Yu-g
ˈjʉg
two-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
lefeg
lefeg
ˈlɛfɛg
hand.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
teti-g
teti-g
ˈtɛθɨg
have.INInanimate (gender/class)
for non-living things.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I have two hands. (inalienable)

[edit] [top]Nouns: Usage of noun cases - Dénitegi: kiþyággen kmingada - Dénitegi: kiþyággen kmingada

Nominative - Kiþyéyi çitrtetala - Kiþyéyi çitrtetala

Subject of a sentence, or direct object of nominal phrases, where the verb is "to be", "to be like sth.", "be similar to sth.", ect... like:

Ḑívi
Ḑívi
ˈd͡ʒi:vi
swan.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
éji
éji
ˈe:ʒi
bird.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
da
da
ˈda
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Swan is a bird.

Accusative - Kiþyéyi çévi - Kiþyéyi çévi

Direct object of an active sentence...

<Sésëlḑig
Sésëlḑig
se:səld͡ʒig
lamb.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
úvon
úvon
u:von
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ídi-rm-ig
ídi-rm-ig
i:dirmig
sell-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
I will sell my lambs.

...and agent of a passive sentence.

úǵd-u
Úǵd-u
u:ɣd-u
nobleman-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kúvotu-gug
kúvotu-gug
ku:voθu-ɣug
peasant-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient diti-da
diti-da
diθi-ða
see-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
The nobleman is seen by the peasants.

Genitive/Postpositional case - Kiþyéyi tetila/tizrakëda - Kiþyéyi tetila/tizrakëda

Genitive of possession - Tetidan tetila - Tetidan tetila

Genitive case expresses possession, like English of something / something's.

Mez-en
Mez-en
ˈmɛzɛn
cat-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
kiviti
kiviti
ˈkiviθi
tail.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
The cat's tail/Tail of the cat.

Genitive as postpositional case - Tizrakëdan tetila - Tizrakëdan tetila

It is also used when we apply postpositions, like:
Kéjin ta - in the house (lit.: house's inside).

Ke
Ke
ˈkɛ
if
kiçi-rmig-dig,
kiçi-rmig-dig,
ˈkit͡ʃirmɨgdɨg
come-FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
pmerb-e
pmerb-e
ˈpmɛrbɛ
early-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
kriwma-n
kriwma-n
ˈkriwman
hall-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ˈta
in
tu-r-dug.
tu-r-dug.
ˈturdʉg
wait-IMPImperative (mood)
command.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
If you come early, wait in the hall.

Genitive of composition - Itin tetila - Itin tetila

A unit of countable items.

Bu-gon
Bu-gon
ˈbʉɣan
berry-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
litiyi
litiyi
ˈliθid͡ʒi
handful.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
A handful of berries.

Kúfo-gon
Kúfo-gon
ˈku:faɣon
man-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
sinçiǵgidda
sinçiǵgidda
ˈsint͡ʃɨv:id:a
group.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
A group of men.

A unit of uncountable items. (Uncountable items are used in singular.)

Jarafen
Jarafen
ˈʒaɾafɛn
wheat.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
çíǵ
çíǵ
ˈt͡ʃɨ:ɣ
from
litiyi
litiyi
ˈliθid͡ʒi
handful.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
A handful of wheat (grains).

Genitive of origin - Çíǵin tetila - Çíǵin tetila

Túz-un
Túz-un
ˈtu:zun
hill-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
Kúfo-gu
Kúfo-gu
ˈku:faɣu
man-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
Men of the hill./Men from the hill.

Dative - Kiþyéyi édda - Kiþyéyi édda

Dative is similar in function to English "to" and "for" prepositions.

Dative of purpose - Siradan édda - Siradan édda

Áḑ-ab
Áḑ-ab
ˈa:d͡ʒab
king-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
yed-ig.
yed-ig.
ˈjɛðɨg
fight.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

I fight for the king.

Dative of benefit - Vykigin édda - Vykigin édda

Áḑ-ab
Áḑ-ab
ˈa:d͡ʒab
king-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
ke-g
ke-g
ˈkɛg
this-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
ígira-g.
ígira-g.
ˈi:giɾag
donate.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

I donate it to the king.

Dative of direction - Én édda - Én édda

Drgeven
Drgeven
dr̩ˈgɛvɛn
basket.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
pebrada
pebrada
ˈpɛbraða
cover.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
ríş-ib
ríş-ib
ˈri:ʃib
floor-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
eb-
eb-
eb-
fall.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.

Tóǵ-u
Tóǵ-u
to:ɣu
river-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument
dída-g
dída-g
di:dag
way-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
dibme-b
dibme-b
dibmɛb
sea-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
keg
keg
kɛg
know.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
The river knows the way to the sea.

Dative as postpositional case - Tizrakëdan édda - Tizrakëdan édda

Just like genitive, dative can also be combined with postpositions, but the case changes the meaning of the sentence:

Içitr-ib
Içitr-ib
ˈit͡ʃitrib
garden-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
ta
ta
ˈta
to
peyra-g
peyra-g
ˈpʲe:rag
walk.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

I'm walking into the garden.

VS genitive

Içitr-en
Içitr-en
ˈit͡ʃitrɛn
garden-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
ta
ta
ˈta
to
peyra-g
peyra-g
ˈpʲe:rag
walk.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

I'm walking in the garden.

You can read more about the role of dative and genitive case in postpositions in THIS article.

[edit] [top]Pronouns - Kişyitegi - Kişyitegi

Formality - Itegi - Itegi

After the great flood, the Mawic society became more fragmented and decentralized. New social classes emerged from the post-apocalyptic chaos, and the language adapted the new conditions. Reflecting to the hierarchy of society, three levels of formality have emerged.

Level 0. (casual)

Casual is used in informal environment, like between people of equal social classes (in a small group), friends and family, or towards the lowest classes, servants, slaves, or children. The basic set of pronouns are used. The word order and the use of the passive voice is pretty flexible.

Level 1. (formal)

The first level of formality is used in public places, formal events towards people we respect, like parents, teachers, craftsmen, noblemen, officials, soldiers, priests, people, you don't know ect. In this level we must put the respected person in the role of subject, by using the passive voice. Instead of using the subject affixes, we use a special set of pronouns as a subject.
The personal pronouns of this level are: dinki - from

Ancient-Mawic your highness and tinki - from his/her highness.

Level 2. (high-formal)

This is the highest level of formality. It is used towards members of a royal family, members of government, generals, high-priests, ect. The same rules apply here as to the level 1. formality.
The personal pronouns of this level are: difigi - from your majesty and tifigi - from his/her majesty.

Personal pronouns

Case/Person		1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I	2Second person (person) addressee (you).CASLCasual (respect/formality) normal, neutral, informal	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee.CASLCasual (respect/formality) normal, neutral, informal	2Second person (person) addressee (you).FORFormal (respect/formality) for formal situations 1	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee.FORFormal (respect/formality) for formal situations 1	2Second person (person) addressee (you).FORFormal (respect/formality) for formal situations 2	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee.FORFormal (respect/formality) for formal situations 2
SGSingular (number) one countable entity	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	úb	du	tig	dinki	tinki	difigi	tifigi
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient	úvug	dug	çig	dinkig	tinkig	difigig	tifigig
	GENGenitive (case) possessive	úvon	dun	çen	dinkin	tinkin	difigin	tifigin
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location	úvub	dub	çib	dinkib	tinkib	difigib	tifigib

DUDual (number) two	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	úby	diy	tiçi	diynki	tiynki	diḑifigi	tiḑifigi
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient	úbyug	diḑig	tiçig	diynkig	tiynkig	diḑifigig	tiḑifigig
	GENGenitive (case) possessive	úbyon	diḑen	tiçin	diynkin	tiynkin	diḑifigin	tiḑifigin
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location	úbyub	diḑib	tiçib	diynkib	tiynkib	diḑifigib	tiḑifigib

PLPlural (number) more than one/few	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	úg	dig	tig	dignki	tignki	digifigi	tigifigi
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient	úgug	digig	tigig	dignkig	tignkig	digifigig	tigifigig
	GENGenitive (case) possessive	úgon	digen	tigen	dignkin	tignkin	digifigin	tigifigin
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location	úgub	digib	tigib	dignkib	tignkib	digifigib	tigifigib

Interrogative vs Relative pronouns

Interrogative		Relative		English
zez	zez	çízez	çízez	what
sez	sez	çízez	çízez	who
sizig	sizig	çízig	çízig	why
siþyiz	siþyiz	çíziþyiz	çíziþyiz	where
sezeb	sezeb	çízeb	çízeb	how
seg	seg	çízeg	çízeg	how many/much

Reflexive pronouns

	NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument			ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient			DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location			GENGenitive (case) possessive
	1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I	2Second person (person) addressee (you)	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee	1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I	2Second person (person) addressee (you)	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee	1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I	2Second person (person) addressee (you)	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee	1First person (person) speaker, signer, etc; I	2Second person (person) addressee (you)	3Third person (person) neither speaker nor addressee
SGSingular (number) one countable entity	úvuǵg	duǵg	çiǵg	úvuǵkug	duǵkug	çiǵkig	úvuǵkub	duǵkub	çiǵkib	úvuǵkon	duǵkon	çiǵken
DUDual (number) two	úbyuǵg	diḑiǵg	tiçiǵg	úbyuǵkug	diḑiǵkig	tiçiǵçig	úbyuǵkub	diḑiǵkib	tiçiǵçib	úbyuǵkon	diḑiǵken	tiçiǵken
PLPlural (number) more than one/few	úguǵg	digiǵg	tigiǵg	úguǵkug	digiǵkig	tigiǵkig	úguǵkub	digiǵkib	tigiǵkib	úguǵkon	digiǵken	tigiǵken

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