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== V. THE PRONOUN ==

§24. The Personal Pronoun.

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Person: mi, I. nos, we.
2nd " tu, you. vos, you
3rd " ilo, he. ilos, they (masc.)
ila, she. ilas, they (fem.).
il (neut.) iles, they (neut.)
it, it.
on, one, they, people.

The reflexive pronoun is se, self.

§25. If only one person is addressed, the pronoun is always in the singular, namely tu.

§26. The pronouns ilo, ila, il, it are employed according to the following rule: il is used if we speak of persons
or animals without distinction of sex, ilo - if we speak of male persons or animals; ila — if we speak of female
persons or animals; it — if we speak of notions signfying neither persons nor animals; ilas is used if there is special
question of female persons or animals; similarly, ilos is used only for male persons or animals. In all other cases
the plural form is iles.

§27. The pronouns il, ilo, ila, it, ilos, ilas, iles with an adjective or participle following are used to transform
their function to substantives, e. g. it beli, the beautiful one, it boni the good one, it letedi, the read (what has
been read), iles boni e iles mali, the good ones and the bad ones, ilo poltroni, a coward (male).

§28. Personal pronouns (also other words) can be made emphatic by the addition of the pronoun aute self, e. g. mi
aute I myself, tu aute you yourself, diretoro aute the director himself.

§29. The personal pronouns (as also all other pronouns used as substantives) are declined by placing the preposition
de (for the genitive) and a (for the dative) before them, e. g. mi I, de mi of me, a mi to me, mi me; vos you, de vos
of you, a vos to you, vos you.

§30. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Person: mei, my, mine. nostri, our, ours.
2d “ tui, your, yours. vostri, your, yours
3d “ sei, his, her, hers, its. lori, their, theirs.

The reflexive possessive pronoun is sui his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own). It is used instead of sei and
lori, if it relates to the subject of the sentence in which it stands, e. g. Felix ama sui sororo - Felix loves (his
own) sister; Felix ama sei sororo - Felix loves (his/her) sister, i.e. the sister of another.

§31. The possessives, and in general all pronouns that relate to a substantive, are generally placed before the
respective substantive, e. g. mei domo my house, isti sircular this circular, kele tablo? which table? cuante homos?
how many men (human beings)? som parolos some words, oni linguos all languages.

The possessive pronouns can also be used independently, e. g. Eli libro es mei, that book is mine. In this case they
are, as already mentioned in §29, declined with de and a, and the plural with -s. The form Eli libro es de mi is also
acceptable.

Used as an adjective they remain unchanged, e. g. mei filido, my son; mei filida, my daughter.

§32. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

isti, this. isti-coso or istico, this (thing).
el, that. el-coso or elco, that (thing).
tel, that, the one. tel-coso or telco, that (neuter).

el semi, the same.
yuste el semi, just the same.
it semi, the same thing.
yuste it semi, just the same thing.

In case the pronouns isti and el are used as nouns, they may take the masculine suffix -o and the feminine -a, if we
wish to specify particularly the sex of the persons or animals spoken of. e. g. ista, elo. If they are used as
nouns, they may also take –s for plurals (-es for el and tel), e.g. istis, elas, teles.

isti-coso/istico, el-coso/elco, tel-coso/telco, it semi and yuste it semi can be used only substantively.

Examples:

-Ecse du iles ofisiki: isti es colonelo, el es leutentanto - Here are two officers; this one is a colonel, that one is
a lieutenant.
-Isti cavalo - this horse.
-El cavalo - that horse.
-Eske tu conosa isti du personos? - Do you know these two people?
-Si, isti es patro de ela. - Yes, this is the father of her (this is her father).
-Isti sinioro e el siniorida. - This gentleman and that lady.
-Isti sinioros e el sinioridas. - These gentlemen and those ladies.
-Tel kel dicata it es mentiatoro. - That (person) who has said it is a liar.
-Tel radico es leplu bon kel... - The best root is one that... (lit. That kind of root is best, which...)
-Tel lando es leplu salubri kel... - The healthiest land is that which...
-Isti libro es tel de mei camarado. - This book is my friend's. (lit. This book is that of my comrade.)
-El semi polcado. - The same polka.
-Yuste el semi polcado. - Just the same polka.
-El semi puviro. - The same powder.
-Yuste el semi puviro. - Just the same powder.
-El persono es el semi kel mi visata ya. - That person is the same (one) that I have already seen.
-Karl ava libro beli, mi ava it semi. - Karl has a nice book, I have the same one (the same book).

§32.1 The pronouns isti, el and tel can also be used with adjectives to make them work as nouns. {Isti grandi}, this
big one, {eles verdi}, those green ones.

§33. THE INTERROGATIVE, AND, EQUALLY, RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

ki? who?
kel? who? which? what? that?
kecoso? or keco? what? which?
cuyu, whose
gakel, who, which

The pronoun ki is used for persons and kecoso/keco for all other notions. Cuyu and gakel can be used only as
relative pronouns.

These pronouns are declined like nouns by means of the prepositions de and a, and kel takes in the plural the
suffix -es: keles. If it should be necessary to indicate the sex of the persons or animals spoken of, kel may take
the endings -o and -a, e. g. matro de isti sinioro, kela veniava a mi, the mother of this gentleman, who (the mother)
came to me.

The pronoun kel may also be used adjectively, in which case it remains unchanged, e. g. kel sinioro es tui frato?
which gentleman is your brother? kel siniorida es tui matro? which lady is your mother? The remaining interrogative
and relative pronouns can be used only as nouns.

The pronun gakel is used when the referent is not the most immediate one, in order to avoid ambiguity.

Examples:
-Ki fasiata it? - Who has done it?
-Mi desira conosar ki fasiata it. - I want to know who has done it.
-Keco ilo dica? - What is he saying?
-Keco es dikedi no es veri. - What is said is not true.
-Mei filio es maladi, keco no es agreabli. - My child is sick, a terrible thing.
-Kel de isti sinioros tu conosa? - Which of these gentlemen do you know?
-Kel de eli sinioridas veniera? - Which of those ladies will come?
-Kel domo? - Which house?
-Amico kel ama nos. - The friend that loves us.
-Amico kel nos ama. - The friend that we love.
-Siniorida kel mi ama. - The lady that I love.
-No oblivia sororo de isti homo, a kela tu debita toti-coso. - Don't forget this man's sister, to whom (the sister)
you owe everything.
-Sinioridas a kelas tu escriba. - The ladies to whom you write.
-Ecse cavalo kel mi volua donar a tu. - Here is the horse that I want to give to you.
-Mi lojia in hotelo in kel tu lojiata anteriore. - I'm staying at the hotel where you stayed before.
-Kel de el tablos tu seleta? - Which of those tables do you choose?
-Stulo in kel tu seda. - The chair where you sit.
-Isti es femino cuyu filida tu conosa. - This is the woman whose daughter you know.
-Patro de mei amico, gakel es injeniero - My friend's father, who is an engineer.

§34. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
som, some, any, several,
som-coso or somco, something, anything.
som-homo, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone.
som-un or un, some, any, a.
nohomo, nobody, no one.
nocoso or noco, nothing.
noun, no
toti (followed by the sing.), every.
toti (followed by the plur.), all.
toti du, both.
cacun-homo, each one, each
toti-homo, everybody, everyone
toti-kecoso or toti-keco, whatever.
toti-ki, whoever, whichever.
toti-coso, everything.
otri, other.
otri-coso or otrico, something else.
serti, (a) certain.
serti-coso or sertico, a certain thing, some thing.
un—otri, the one—the other.

The pronouns som, toti, otri, serti and un—otri can be used as nouns and as adjectives. Pronouns used as nouns are
declined by means of de and a and the suffix -s for the plural. These pronouns can take the suffixes -o and -a, if it
be necessary to indicate the sex, e.g. somes, somo[s], soma[s], totis, toto[s], tota[s], otris, otro[s], otra[s],
sertis, serto[s], serta[s], unis – otris, uno[s] – otro[s], una[s] – otra[s].

The pronouns otri and serti can take the adverbial suffix -e, in which case they mean: otre otherwise, else; serte
certainly, surely.

§35. THE CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS.

cual? what kind of? tal, such.
cuanti? how much? how many? tanti, so much, so many.

These pronouns can take the adverbial suffix -e, in which case they mean:
cuale? how? tale, so.
cuante? how much? tante, so much, so greatly.
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