The verb: view article

== VI. THE VERB ==

§36. Idiom neutral II has only one conjugation for all verbs; there are six tenses: present, imperfect, perfect,
pluperfect, future, and future perfect, e. g. mi ama, I love / I am loving / I have been loving; infanto dorma, the
child sleeps / the child is sleeping / the child has been sleeping.

§37. The present active formed from the simple root of the verb with the suffix -a.

There are only two exceptions: the verbs {esar} and {potesar}, for which the forms {es} and {potes} are accepted in
parallel with {esa} and {potesa}.

The form of the present, as also of all other tenses of the indicative and conditional, is independent of the gender,
grammatical person, and number of the subject, that is, it always remains unchanged, e. g

mi ama, I love. nos ama, we love.
vu ama, you love. vos ama, you love.
ilo ama, he loves. ilos ama, they love.
ila ama, she loves. ilas ama, they love.
ile ama, it loves. on ama, one loves.
ite ama, it loves

§38. The imperfect is formed by adding the suffix -ava to the root, e. g.

mi amava, I loved / I was loving.

The perfect, by adding the suffix -ata, e. g.

mi amata, I have loved / I loved (perfective aspect, i. e., for completed actions).

The future, by adding the sufix -era, e. g.

mi amera, I will love / I will be loving.

In the same way the

§39. In the same way the present, imperfect, and future of all other verbs are formed.

The passive participle, which is in forming some other tenses, always ends in -edi, e. g.

amedi, loved.
avedi, had.
esedi, been.

§40. The pluperfect and future perfect active are formed by means of the auxiliary particle {av}; thus there is
employed for the formation of the
(a) pluperfect the perfect of the verb, e. g. mi av amata, I had loved.
(b) future perfect the future of the verb, e. g. mi av amera, I will have loved.

§41. The present conditional is formed by adding the suffix –eria to the root, e. g.

mi ameria, I would love.

§42. The past conditional is formed by using the auxiliary particle {av} and the present conditional of the respective
verb, e. g. mi av averia, I would have loved.

§43. The subjunctive has the same form as the conditional and is used in conditional secondary propositions with the
conjunction fi, if the condition expressed is considered as not having happened or as not actual, e. g. mi acuireria
domo fi mi eseria riki, I would buy a house if I were rich.

REMARK. In secondary propositions with the conjunction ke, that, the indicative, not the subjunctive, is used, e. g.
on dica ke ilo es maladi, they say that he is sick or they say he is sick; the conjunction ke, that, is never
omitted, though it may be in English.

§44. The imperative is formed by the addition of the particle {va} before the subject:
(a) for the 2d pers. sing., e. g. va tu ama! love you! (sing.)
(b) for the 2d pers. plur., e g. va vos ama! love you! (pl.)
(c) for the 1st pers. plur., e. g. va nos ama! let us love!.
(d) for the 3rd person sing., e.g. va ilo ama! Let him love!
(e) for the 3rd person plur., e.g. va ilas ama! Let they love!

For the second person the pronoun can be omitted: va ama!, love!

§45. The general infinitive suffix is -ar, e g. amar, to love.

§46. If the sense positively requires that past time be indicated (which is very seldom), the past infinitive may be
formed by the suffix -avar, e. g. amavar, to have loved. The future infinitive (a still rarer form) is formed by the
suffix -erar, e. g. amerar, to be about to love

§47. The general suffix for the active participle is -anti, e. g. amanti, loving.

§48. The past participle is formed by means of the suffix -avanti, e. g. amavanti, having loved.

The future participle is formed by means of the suffix -eranti, e. g. ameranti, being about to love.

§49. The participial adverb is obtained by replacing the final –i for -e to the participle, e. g. amante, lovingly;
ridante, laughingly.

§50. The indicative, conditional, imperative and infinitive passive are formed by means of the active of the
auxiliary passive verb {sar}, and the passive participle of the respective verb, e. g.

INDICATIVE
Present: mi sa amedi, I am loved.
Imperfect: mi sava amedi, I was loved.
Perfect: mi sata amedi, I have been loved.
Pluperfect: mi av sata amedi, I had been loved.
Future: mi sera amedi, I will be loved.
Future perfect: mi av sera amedi, I will have been loved.

CONDITIONAL
Present: mi seria amedi, I would be loved.
Past: mi av seria amedi, I would have been loved.

IMPERATIVE

2d pers. sing.: va tu sa amedi! be loved!
2d pers. plur.: va vos sa amedi! be you loved!
1st pers. plur.: va nos sa amedi! let us be loved!

INFINITIVE
sar amedi, to be loved.

§51. The passive participle, as already mentioned, is formed by the addition of the suffix -ed to the root, e. g.
amedi, lovedi.

The past participle takes the suffix -avedi, the future -eredi, e. g. amavedi, having been loved; ameredi, about to be
loved.

§52. The gerundive is formed by means of the suffix: -andi, e. g. amandi, to be loved (that must, ought, deserves,
to be loved).

§53. The following synopsis gives a distinct idea of the conjugation of the verb amar, to love:
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
(a) Indicative.
Present: mi am. mi sa amedi.
Imperfect: mi amava. mi sava amedi.
Perfect: mi amata. mi sata amedi.
Pluperfect: mi av amata. mi av sata amedi.
Future: mi amera. mi sera amedi.
Future Perfect: mi avero amed. mi avero esed amed.
(b) Conditional.
Present: mi ameria. mi seria amedi.
Past: mi av ameria. mi av seria amedi.
(c) Imperative.
2d pers. sing.: va tu ama! va tu sa amedi!
2d pers. plur.: va vos ama! va vos sa amedi!
1st pers. plur.: va nos ama! va esam amedi!
(d) Infinitive.
amar. sar amedi.
(e) Participle.
amanti. amedi.
(f) Gerundive.
amandi.

All verbs without exception can be conjugated according to this model; and any subject may be used instead of the
pronoun mi, e. g. {mi escriba}, I write; {tu audiava}, you was hearing; {ilo oleata}, he has oiled; {vos av voluata},
you had wished; {nos andera}, we will go; {it av sera acsentuedi}, it will have been accented; {va paya!} pay! etc.

§54. In impersonal verbs the pronoun {it}, it, is used as subject, e. g. {it pluvia}, it rains.

§55. Reflexive verbs are conjugated according to the following rules:

(a) For the first and second person singular and plural of the indicative, conditional and imperative, a personal
pronoun {mi, tu, nos, vos} corresponding to the subject is used after the verb, e. g.

{mi lava mi}, I wash myself.
{tu lava tu}, you wash yourself.
{nos lava nos}, we wash ourselves.
{mi e mei frato visa nos in miroro}, my brother and I see ourselves in the mirror.
{mi laveria mi}, I would wash myself,
{va lava tu!} wash yourself!
{va lava vos!} wash yourselves!
{va nos lava nos!} let us wash ourselves!

(b) In all other cases the pronoun se is used after the verb, e. g.

{ilo lava se}, he washes himself.
{feminos lava se}, women wash themselves.
{lavar se}, to wash one’s self.
{lavanti se}, washing one’s self.

§56. Reciprocity is indicated by the pronoun {unotri} or by the adverb {resiproke}, e. g. {nos visa unotri in miroro}
or {nos visa nos resiproke in miroro}, we see each other in the mirror; {patro e filido ama unotri} or {patro e filido
ama se resiproke}, father and son love each other.

§57. Questions, both direct and indirect, are introduced by the conjunction {eske}, whether, if an interrogative word
is not already in the sentence, e. g.

{Eske tu volua escribar?} Do you wish to write?
{Mi no conosa eske it plisa a tu}, I do not know whether it pleases you.

If, on the contrary, there is an interrogative word in the sentence, {eske} is omitted; the interrogative word always
precedes the verb, e. g.

{Ki parla?} Who speaks?
{De ki es libro su tablo?} Whose book is on the table?
{A ki tu donava floros?} To whom did you give the flowers?
{Ki patro punia?} Whom does the father punish?
{Co ki tu esava in teatro?} With whom were you in the theater?
{Cuanti arboros uba in votri horto?} How many trees are in your garden?
{Cuanti parolos tu escribata?} How many words have you written?
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