Demonstratives
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[comments] demonstrativescka
2. chkwam summary
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3. Demonstratives
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7. Relational verbs
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8. Relative clauses
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10. Topic and focus
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
There are two series of demonstratives in Chkwam: adjectival and identificational. Adjectival demonstratives modify a verb and identificational are used for non-verbal clauses.
There are six different demonstratives for each category and three distance distinctions: proximal (close), distal (far) and non-visible. Non-visible is further divided by tense: present, past, remote past and future.
| adj | ident | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sg | pl.hum | pl.nhum | ||
| prox | be | më | mël | zmë |
| dist | i | ä | al | zä |
| nvis. Pres | zyi | vtyï | vtyïl | vatyï |
| nvis. Pst | zyu | vä | väl | vü |
| nvis. Rem | zyoq | vkyoq | vkyol | vakyoq |
| nvis. Fut | gwi | gä | gäl | vwä |
Pronominal demonstratives are actually a phrase made with an adjectival demonstrative modified with a demonstrative. Identificational demonstratives don't require a pronoun.
Be ki deq qva kyam
be
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker ki
3AThird person animate (person)
he/she/they, not it deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I qva
have kyam
dog
This is my dog
Më deq qva kyam
më
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker.EXISTExistential (case)
'there is' deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I qva
have kyam
dog
Here's my dog
Be zaky deq qva kyam
be
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker zaky
3AThird person animate (person)
he/she/they, not it.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I qva
have kyam
dog
These are my dogs
Zmë deq qva kyam
zmë
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker.EXISTExistential (case)
'there is'.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I qva
have kyam
dog
Here are my dogs
Qwa tmuh yü deq resy zyu bnony o!
qwa
PROHProhibitive (mood)
negative imperative tmuh
phone call yü
DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I resy
have zyu
DEMDemonstrative
e.g. this/ that.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human bnony
wife o
EXCMExclamatory mood (mood)
excitement, importance, etc
Don't call my ex-wife!
Qwa tmuh yü deq resy gwi bnony o!
qwa
PROHProhibitive (mood)
negative imperative tmuh
phone call yü
DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location deq
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I resy
have gwi
DEMDemonstrative
e.g. this/ that.FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human bnony
wife o
EXCMExclamatory mood (mood)
excitement, importance, etc
Don't call my fiancée! ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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