Tense, aspect and modality
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 26 Dec 2020, 21:45.
[comments] tenseaspectmodalitycka
2. chkwam summary
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3. Demonstratives
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7. Relational verbs
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8. Relative clauses
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10. Topic and focus
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
A verb on its own usually has a perfective aspect.
kwef kyam
run kyam
dog
the dog ran
Imperfective aspect is constructed with a set of intransitive verbs that also code position of the object.
Mesy kyam kwef
mesy
stand.animal kyam
dog kwef
run
the dog is running
Other aspects, such as perfect, are marked with auxiliary verbs.
kyam mäxw xwef
dog finish run(N)
the dog finished running/has run
There is no tense marking apart from adverbs. I used past forms for translating perfectives, but they can have future reference.
Säwmibw kwef kyam
tomorrow run dog
The dog will (have) run tomorrow
Säwmibw kyam mäxw xwef
tomorrow dog finish run(N)
The dog will have run tomorrow
Säwmibw mesy kyam kwef
tomorrow stand(animal) dog run
the dog will be running tomorrow
Säwdah kwef kyam
yesterday run dog
The dog ran yesterday
Säwdah kyam mäxw xwef
yesterday dog finish run(N)
The dog has run yesterday
Säwdah mesy kyam kwef
yesterday stand(animal) dog run
the dog was running yesterday
Imperfective aspect is constructed with a set of intransitive verbs that also code position of the object:
az
stand
hay
woman rbwis
kill xbwaq
rabbit
stand woman kill rabbit
"the woman is killing the rabbit (standing)"
yäq
sit
hay
woman rbwis
kill xbwaq
rabbit
"the woman (sitting) is killing the rabbit "
yäh xbwaq hay rbwis
yäh
sit
xbwaq
rabbit hay
woman rbwis
kill
The rabbit, the woman is killing it
az
stand
hay
woman ül
3HThird person human (person)
humans (or possibly sentients) rbwis
kill xbwaq
rabbit
The woman, she's killing the rabbit
The verb ü is used for imperative marking. It can be ommited with transitive verbs. Thre is a polite form mæl. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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