Kashtyrian grammar
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Or: the basics of it
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Mar 2019, 08:41.
[comments] [history] ksyverbsnounsadjectivesadverbsconjugationcasenumber
1. Kashtyrian Abugida
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2. Kashtyrian grammar
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3. Kashtyrian scripts
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
A typical Kashtyrian sentence uses up to four different parts: the agent, the verb, the patient, and the indirect object, which usually come in that order. All three verb arguments have to be nouns and carry one of the nine articles which decline for the simple cases.
As Kashtyrian is an active-stative language, the terms agent and patient correspond to the usual terms subject and object. In intransitive phrases, either agent or patient can be used as a verb argument, the (unmarked) standard case is the agentive.
There is no difference between adverb and adjective, and there is none whether it is put to a noun or to the verb in the same sentence. But usually, it is put to the corresponding noun. Adjectives/adverbs in any case come after the word they are describing.
Kashtyrian features nine noun classes. In Old Kashtyrian there were only three of them, but one thing has never changed: they are indicated by one of the vowels. Old Kashtyrian had three vowels (i, a, u*), and its noun classes were i for humans, a for animals and plants, and u for all other things.
* not pronounced as in Modern Kashtyrian. Look here for more information.
Today these have splitted up and now there are these nine classes, each one corresponding to one vowel:
- i – All humans who not fit into the two classes below
- ì – People you know well, like, or who belong to your family
- u – People who passed away
- e – Birds
- à – Land and water animals
- a – Plants, fungi, and bacteria
- o – Places and occurences
- ù – Things, literally, meaning any non-living thing you can touch
- ò – Thoughts, feelings, and our all favourite thing: -isms.
Especially in novels, if two persons are around, the classes i and ì are used as proximate and obviative, where the character the reader knows better gets the ì class.
Despite these complex distinctions, Kashtyrian has no difference between male or female. It also makes no such difference in verb conjugation, or even in words. If gender is not important, in most cases the neutral word for "person" or "human" is used: atàm atàmì.
Kashtyrian has two sets of cases, usually called simple and complex. Complex cases are mostly adpositional, but also cover some other grammatical stuff like comparatives.
Simple cases are the thing usually meant when talking about grammatical case. They are all consonants (or consonant clusters) which are prefixed to the vowel of the article that corresponds to the noun. These prefixes change according to whether they refer to the agent or the patient of the action and if that action is forced or not.
Example: as the agent volitional is unmarked, i atàm i atàmì remains as it is. But if the situation is non-volitional it becomes the patient and its article is prefixed: ti atàm ti atàmì.
Also, the prefixes change if the noun they accompany is described in a relative clause. In the relative clause, a little bit different forms are used. Another example: "The person I brought to the station speaks Russian.", in Kashtyrian: kci atàm fùksalicat ì sotip - xi rùsetomihet kax kci atàmì fùksalicatì ì sotipì ~ì xi rùsetomihetì kaxì. With gloss: the.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action.AGNAgentive (case)
active or volitional case.RELRelative person station-ANDAndative (direction)
going 'away' the.AGEAgent (role)
cause or initiator of event/action.AGNAgentive (case)
active or volitional case go-OBJObject (argument).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-SUBSubject (argument).1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I - the.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action.RELRelative Russia.ADJZAdjectiviser (syntax)
turns word into adjective speak.
All forms can be found in this grammar table.
Kashtyrian has five different number categories which are all indicated by noun suffixes:
| Number of objects: | 0 | 1* | 2 | 3~20 | >20 | all |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name: | NONNegative number (number) no [noun]s | SGSingular (number) one countable entity | DUDual (number) two | PAUPaucal (number) a few, some | LPLLarge plural (number) very many | COLCollective (number) 'group or mass entity' |
| Suffix: | -n | - | -s | -se | -m | -ne |
* If numbers are specified as adjective, usually the (unmarked) singular is used. Only in formal speech the correct category is suffixed.
Verbs in Kashtyrian inflect both for subject and object, which is shown in a nice grammar table. Both subject and object have 1st/2nd/3rd person plural, and there is also a difference between inclusive and exclusive (but only for the subject). This distinction has a special plural form as it is applicable for all plurals which always means "some people out of a larger group".
| root ▼ | subject | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | plural partial | ||||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| root ▶ | p | t | - | p; s | t; s | s | p; f | t; f | f | |||
| object | singular | 1st | ù | ùp | ùt | ù | ùpis | ùtis | ùs | ùpif | ùtif | ùf |
| 2nd | à | àp | àt | à | àpis | àtis | às | àpif | àtif | àf | ||
| 3rd | i | ip | it | (i) | ipis | itis | is | ipif | itif | if | ||
| plural | 1st | e; ù | ep(ù) | et(ù) | e(hù) | epùs | etùs | es(ù) | epùf | etùf | ef(ù) | |
| 2nd | e; à | ep(à) | et(à) | e(hà) | epàs | etàs | es(à) | epàf | etàf | ef(à) | ||
| 3rd | o | op | ot | o | opis | otis | os | opif | otif | of | ||
Imperative: -ì-
The pronouns are the same as the articles. That means, if there is no noun behind an article this article is just a pronoun. Pronouns obviously can take adjectives too.
Base 10.
Don't agree with nouns. In nearly all cases, adjectives are just forms of a noun or verb. The adjectivization suffix for nouns is -het, with negation -cet.
WIP
WIP, one conjunction is xìt xìt'ì, which means and and is used if one subject shall take two different verbs. This (and others coming up) conjunction ends with the long arc #ì, not with the standard i form. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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