Applicative
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[comments] ndtapplicativevoice
1. Applicative
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2. Grammar temp
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3. Modals in Naduta
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11. Naduta Phonology
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13. Naduta Pronouns
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14. Naduta Verb Root Forms
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15. Naduta Verbal Aspect
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18. Transitivity
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obsolete pronoun reanalyzed as applicative prefixNaduta
- appears only on transitive verbs
- promotes oblique argument to direct object position
Nandut
- appears on both transitive and intransitive verbs
- required for expressing locatives, instrumentals, and passive verb agents
There exists in Naduta a limited applicative voice which allows for the promotion of oblique arguments to the position of direct object. However, as this applicative voice may only be applied to transitive verbs, it is not a valency-increasing voice.
The applicative construction co-occurs with standard constructions, and is more common in some dialects than in others.
Formation
The applicative voice is formed with the prefix 伊 in-, which originated as a 3rd person pronoun that fused with the verb and otherwise became obsolete.
| 食2 purne | → | 伊食2 inpurne |
| to eat |
| 説& anumenan | → | 伊説& inanumenan |
| to explain |
| 会e khemen | → | 伊会e inkhemen |
| to meet |
In some dialects, stems beginning with /x/ will merge with the prefix to form a breathy /n/, while in others, this does not occur.
Use
The applicative voice has the effect of decreasing the importance of the object itself, without making the verb intransitive.
育之l了食 W
Yhishauh tah-purgu.
food-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=eat-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I ate the food.
了食 W
Tah-purgu.
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=eat-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I ate (something).
了伊食 W
Tah-inpurgu.
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-eat-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I have eaten.
立出聯l説W
Phurnibeih anumenugu.
situation-UKWUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) explain-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
"I will expain the situation."
説W
Anumenugu.
explain-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I will explain (something).
伊説W
Inanumenugu.
APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-explain-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I will explain.
士聯房Ls脛我L了会m
Dibenuukih tu buh tah-khememu.
workshop-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-OBJObject (argument) PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=meet-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
She met me at the workshop.
士聯房L了伊会dc
Dibenuukih tah-inkhemeri.
workshop-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-meet-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
We met at the workshop.
In the applicative form, the direct object may not explicitly be expressed; the direct object position is instead occupied by a locative argument, as seen above, or an instrumental:
住居l伊組m
Meuyuh tah-inharmu.
home-OBJObject (argument) PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech=APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-assemble-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
He assembled it at home.
寺l伊売 $必不M
Disah inmuhipumu-buru.
temple-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-sell-MODModerate (animacy)
not-quite-animate-must-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee=NEGNegative (polarity)
not
"One must not sell (things) in a temple."
筆l伊字H
Miyhe inphahra-san?
writing.brush-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-write-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity=QInterrogative
question
Do you write with a brush?
Tasekanuh indegu.
sesame-oil-KNWKnown gender (gender)
specific known items.OBJObject (argument) APPLApplicative voice (valency)
promotes an oblique argument-fry-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
I fry (it) in sesame oil.
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