Gutiskar Tenses
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Gutiskar tenses in all three voices.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 29 Apr 2016, 21:41.
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1. Derivation
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3. Gutiskar Adverbs
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5. Gutiskar Numerals
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6. Gutiskar Pronouns
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7. Gutiskar Tenses
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8. Gutiskar Verbs
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10. Table test
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Gutiskar has a wide variety of tenses, as it is the case with other Germanic languages. There are fourteen tenses, not counting the imperative and the progressive forms. The following table presents the tenses and their formation. The example verb used is geldan ("to pay"), and all the forms are in first person singular. The passive participle of the verb used is always in accusative singular neuter gender of the verb's strong past participle declension.
| Tense | Example | Formation |
|---|---|---|
| Indicative present | geldó | present indicative |
| Indicative past | gald | past indicative |
| Indicative perfect | lesó guldan | present indicative of lesan ("to have") + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Indicative pluperfect | las guldan | past indicative of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Indicative future | man gelda | present indicative of munan ("will") + supine |
| Indicative future perfect | man lesa guldan | present indicative of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive present | geldá | present subjunctive |
| Subjunctive past | guldí | past subjunctive |
| Subjunctive perfect | lesá guldan | present subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive pluperfect | lésí guldan | past subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive future | muní gelda | present subjunctive of munan + supine |
| Subjunctive future perfect | muní lesa guldan | present subjunctive of munan + supine of lesa + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Conditional present | mundí gelda | past subjunctive of munan + supine |
| Conditional past | mundí lesa guldan | past subjunctive of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
There are two ways of forming the passive tenses in Gutiskar. One is constructed with the verb veran ("to be"), and the other is constructed with the verb verðan ("to become"). They are mostly interchangeable, but the verðan-passive is more often used with negations.
The following table presents the tenses and their formation. The example verb used is geldan ("to pay"), and all the forms are in first person singular masculine. However, unlike the active voice, the past participle in the passive voice has to agree with the subject in gender and number.
| Tense | Example (veran) | Example (verðan) | Formation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative present | im guldanar | verðó guldanar | present indicative of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Indicative past | vas guldanar | varð guldanar | past indicative of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Indicative perfect | lesó veran guldanar | lesó výrðan guldanar | present indicative of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. str.) of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Indicative pluperfect | las veran guldanar | las výrðan guldanar | past indicative of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. str.) of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Indicative future | man vera guldanar | man verða guldanar | present indicative of munan + supine of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Indicative future perfect | man lesa veran guldanar | man lesa výrðan guldanar | present indicative of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. str.) of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive present | sjá guldanar | verða guldanar | present subjunctive of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive past | vérí guldanar | výrðí guldanar | past subjunctive of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive perfect | lesá veran guldanar | lesá verða guldanar | present subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive pluperfect | lésí veran guldanar | lésí verða guldanar | past subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive future | muní vera guldanar | muní verða guldanar | present subjunctive of munan + supine of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Subjunctive future perfect | muní lesa veran guldanar | muní lesa verða guldanar | present subjunctive of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. str.) of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Conditional present | mundí vera guldanar | mundí verða guldanar | past subjunctive of munan + supine of veran/verðan + past participle |
| Conditional past | mundí lesa veran guldanar | mundí lesa výrðan guldanar | past subjunctive of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. str.) of veran/verðan + past participle |
The middle voice has all the tenses that active and passive have.The following table presents the tenses and their formation. The example verb used is kallón ("to call"), and all the forms are in first person singular. The passive participle of the verb used is always in accusative singular neuter gender of the verb's strong past participle declension, with the middle voice suffix added.
| Tense | Example | Formation |
|---|---|---|
| Indicative present | kallôst | present indicative |
| Indicative past | kalloðôst | past indicative |
| Indicative perfect | lesó kallojst | present indicative of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Indicative pluperfect | las kallojst | past indicative of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Indicative future | man kallóst | present indicative of munan + supine |
| Indicative future perfect | man lesa kallojst | present indicative of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive present | kallôst | present subjunctive |
| Subjunctive past | kalloðîst | past subjunctive |
| Subjunctive perfect | lesá kallojst | present subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive pluperfect | lésí kallojst | past subjunctive of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Subjunctive future | muní kallóst | present subjunctive of munan + supine |
| Subjunctive future perfect | muní lesa kallojst | present subjunctive of munan + supine of lesan + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
| Conditional present | mundí kallóst | past subjunctive of munan + supine |
| Conditional past | mundí lesa kallojst | past subjunctive of munan + supine of lesa + past participle (acc. sg. n. strong) |
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