Verbs
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 1 Jun 2023, 08:56.
[comments] srtaverbsconjugationtenseslessonslesson 3
2. History of Retenia
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10. The Retenian syllabary
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
In standard Retenian, verbs at infinitive have the -a stem that correspond to the indicative mood.
The -u stem is the mark of the irrealis mood that is used in subjunctive and conditional constructions but also in rapported/ non witness situations (with suffix -ko).
Nowadays, -ko affix is only used when something is rapported and that we are not sure about this thing
These "-a" and "-u" are old auxiliaries that fused with the verb stem and became a part of it, they always bear a high pitch stress, this is why they are written with an accent when they occure in final position.
-y is the mark of the past tense
-a is the mark of the future tense, it's placed after the -ú stem of the irrealis mode to form the irrealis future.
Irrealis future is used for a future action that can't be situated in the time. When a future action can be situated in the time, the indicative present tense is used and is preceded by a temporal adverb (ex: tomorrow, next year... )
The verbs agrees with the subject and the number and with animacy at 3rd person using affixes: -o, -te, -se, -ka, -nne, -je, -sun, -key
Example with zerá (to watch)
ERROR: Imperative: zerue
Imperative (causative): zerenzue
Examples:
Katu yo mû e hayayse
the cat eated the mouse (I seen it or I not seen it but I'm sure about it)
Katu yo mû e hayukkoyse
the cat eated the mouse I don't seen it and I'm not sure about it
(Tayo) khoy e hayúate!
You will eat the dust! (we don't know when)
(Sayo) khoy e tado hayenzúase!
He/she will make you eat the dust! (we don't know when)
Hassá (to be) is irregular due to its suppletive forms and the conservation of archaic patterns of conjugation that don't contain the common -á/-ú conjugation system (except for the causative forms given by the verb kirá)
Imperative: shé
Imperative (causative): kirue
Boyá (to become) follow the common -á/-ú conjugation system so it's almost regular except for the fact that the causative form is the verb kirá (to cause to be, cause to become).
Imperative: boyue
Imperative (causative): kirue
From a verb, it's possible to create 8 adjective in Retenian
Let's begin with the indicative -a stem, we can add:
-a-tu if the object take the action of the verb
-a-wa to denote a behaviour
(If the verb ends in -wá, we have -wa-ha)
And with the irrealis -u stem, and adding -tu or -wa (that turns into -ha in this case) we have:
-u-tu to denote a possibility that the object take the action of the verb
-u-ha to denote an ability
Now we introduce the -n- negative infix, -tu become -du and -wa become -ka:
-a-n-du = the object didn't take the action of the verb
-a-n-ka = "non-behaviour"
-u-n-du = impossibility to take the action of the verb
-u-n-ka = unability
Example:
handejatu = expected, anticipated
handejandu = unexpected, unforeseen
handejutu = anticipatable
handejundu = unforeseeable
handejawa = foreseeing, farsighted
handejanka = reckless
handejuha = able to anticipate
handejunka = unable to anticipe
These adjectives can be nominalised adding the suffix -tesha ("-ness", "-ity) with the exception that after -tu it's contracted to -ttesha so, we have handejattesha and handejuttesha but if it's -ndu than it as expected become -ndutesha
Action/state noun:
To create an action or state noun from a verb, the affix -era is added:
handejera = anticipation
Agent noun:
Patient noun:
To create a patient noun, the -a-tu adjectival ending is used and is completed by the pronoun -sá if the patient is animate or -ká if the patient is inanimate:
handejatusá = someone that is expected
handejatuká = something that is expected
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